2023雅思阅读答案解析汇编14篇【完整版】

雅思阅读答案解析第1篇Question1答案：FALSE关键词：media定位原文：第1段第3句“Inthefaceofthefrequentandoftenvividmediacoverage…”;下面是小编为大家整理的雅思阅读答案解析汇编14篇,供大家参考。

雅思阅读答案解析 第1篇

Question 1

答案：FALSE

关键词：media

定位原文：第1段第3句“In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage…”;“Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests…”

解题思路：这两段当中的frequent/vivid/extensive/coverage等词都说明媒体对于热带雨林的现状十分关注，并做了广泛报道。

Question 2

答案：FALSE

关键词：children/classroom

定位原文：第2段第3句“These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media。”这些观点可能是学生从大众媒体中获得的。

解题思路：这句话证明学生也从大众媒体中吸取有关热带雨林的观点，而并不是只从课堂中得到相关知识。

Question 3

答案：TRUE

关键词：pure/ mistaken

定位原文：第2段第1句“Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum ”

解题思路：这句话是题干的同义替换，学生关键需要掌握“harbour”在这里的意思等于“hold”。

Question 4

答案：TRUE

关键词：framework/easier

定位原文：第2段第2句“These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted，but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to ”

解题思路：解这题的关键是要明白题干中的“easier to change”和文中的“accessible to modification”是同义替换。

Question 5

答案：FALSE

关键词：yes/no

定位原文：第4段第2句“Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form ”

解题思路：Open-form指简答题，与yes/no直接矛盾。

Question 6

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：more likely than

定位原文：第5段第4句“More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal ”

第6段第1句“Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human ”

解题思路：
虽然这两句话分别将男生女生作了比较，但是比较内容并不是关于热带雨林破坏的错误观点，所以此题属于并不存在的比较关系。

Question 7

答案：
TRUE

关键词：follow on from

定位原文：第6段第2句“These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests…”

解题思路：“previous”一词是先前的意思，证明在此研究之前，人们也就学生对热带雨林的看法做了研究，因此本文所提到的调査是在这些研究之后进行的。

Question 8

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：primary/second

解题思路：文中直到最末尾也从未提到这项研究是否会继续，所以此题属于无中生有。

Question 9

答案：M

关键词：where/ rainforests

定位原文：第4段第6句“The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%).”

解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为M。

Question 10

答案：E

关键词：importance/rainforests

定位原文：第9段第1句…the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to

解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为E。

Question 11

答案：G

关键词：reason/loss

定位原文：第7段第2句“ than half of the pupils(59%)identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests,”

解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为G。

Question 12

答案：P

关键词：important/protected

定位原文：第5段第2句“The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with ”

解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为P。

Question 13

答案：J

关键词：uncommon/issue

定位原文：第9段第2句至第3句“Only a few of the pupils(6%)mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this ”

解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为J。

Question 14

答案：B

关键词：title

定位原文：无

解题思路：从文章第二段开始，一直在围绕孩子对热带雨林容易产生错误的理解，因此本文重点应该放在孩子对热带雨林遭破坏状况的观点上，故要选择一个带有孩子的标题。

Question 15

答案：taste buds

关键词：taste

定位原文：第1段第5句“Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are ”

解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是taste buds。

Question 16

答案：baleen whales

关键词：stereoscopic vision

定位原文：第3段第3句“However，the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic ”

解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是baleen whales。

Question 17

答案：forward downward (IN EITHER ORDER)

关键词：Dolphins, porpoises

定位原文：第4段第1句“On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and ”

解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是forward和downward。

Question 18

答案：(the) freshwater dolphin(s)

关键词：forward and upward

定位原文：第4段第2句“Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and ”

解题思路：根据关键词定位，可知答案为freshwater dolphin(s)。

Question 19

答案：(the) water

关键词：bottlenose dolphin

定位原文：第4段第3句“By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water inter?face as ”

解题思路：题干中的exceptional和文中的extremely是同义替换，所以根据定位句答案应该为water。

Question 20

答案：(the) lower frequencies

关键词：most large baleen

定位原文：第6段第3句“Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their ”

解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是(the) lower frequencies。

Question 21

答案：bowhead humpback (IN EITHER ORDER)

关键词：song-like

定位原文：第6段第4句“Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback ”

解题思路：根据song-like定位到该句话，可知答案为bowhead和humpback。

Question 22

答案：touch/sense of touch

关键词：mating

定位原文：第2段第3句“This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most ”

解题思路：这里的mating和文中的courtship ritual是同义替换，所以答案应为touch或者sense of touch。

Question 23

答案：freshwater dolphin(s)

关键词：upside down/eating

定位原文：第4段第2句“Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while ”

解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是freshwater dolphin(s)。

Question 24

答案：airborne flying fish

关键词：follow/under the water

定位原文：第4段第3句“By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as ”

解题思路：题目中的“follow”和文中的“tracks”是同义替换，根据定位句信息，可知答案是airborne flying fish。

Question 25

答案：clear water(s)/clear open water(s)

关键词：habitat/good visual ability

定位原文：第5段第句“For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded ”

解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是clear open water(s)。

Question 26

答案：(the) acoustic sense

关键词：best/cetaceans

定位原文：第6段第1句“Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic ”

解题思路：根据定位句信息，可知答案是acoustic sense。

Question 27

答案：C

关键词：first paragraph

定位原文：第1段第1句“From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in ”

解题思路：根据定位句可知，说的是盲人能够理解outlines和perspectives的使用。故正确答案为C。

Question 28

答案：C

关键词：surprised/blind woman

定位原文：第1段第3-5句“This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle (). I was taken Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of ”

解题思路：这段话说到让作者惊讶的是一个盲人女性决定靠自己的能力绘出正在旋转的轮椅。故正确答案为C选项。

Question 29

答案：A

关键词：Part1/ blind subjects

定位原文：第5段第4句“Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion，but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted ”

解题思路：从“not only…but…came up with the same meaning as least as frequently as did sighted subjects” 可以得出A选项正确。这里并没有说比sighted subjects会好，所以D选项是不对的。

Question 30

答案：E

关键词：无

定位原文：Part1第4段最后一句“Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel"s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes ”

解题思路：这段话恰好说明辐条超出了车轮的周界是使用了刹车，所以正确答案为E。

Question 31

答案：C

关键词：无

定位原文：Part1第4段最后一句“ that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning ”

解题思路：这句话的意思是虚线辐条表示车轮在快速转动，故正确答案为C。

Question 32

答案：A

关键词：无

定位原文：Part1第4段第2句“Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily…”

解题思路：这句话的意思是曲线辐条表示车轮在稳定的转动，故正确答案为A。

Question 33

答案：pairs

关键词：Part2/a set of word

定位原文：Part2第2段第1句“We gave a list of twenty pairs of word of words to sighted ”

解题思路：此空要求填一个名词，而词库中只有associations, pairs, shapes, words四个词是名词，从意思上判断，words和shapes显然不太合适，最后只能填pairs。

Question 34

答案：shapes

关键词：abstract

定位原文：Part2第3段最后一句“Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people ”

解题思路：Abstract是形容词，空里要求填个名词。从对应句可以看出改名词为shapes。

Question 35

答案：sighted

关键词：circle/soft/hard/square

定位原文：Part2第3段第1句“All our subjects deemed the hard/square circle soft and the square ”

解题思路：虽然在这句话中没有出现sighted这个词，但是根据上一整段的内容推测，此处的subjects指得是sighted

Question 36

答案：sighted

关键词：51%

定位原文：Part2第3段第4句。And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to (See )

解题思路：这题依然没有出现sighted这个词，但是同上题，根据上文可以推测出这里的volunteers指的是sighted subjects。

Question 37

答案：deep

关键词：51%

定位原文：Part2第3段第4句。And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to (See )

解题思路：根据定位句可知，这里填的词应该是deep。

Question 38

答案：blind

关键词：repeated/volunteers

定位原文：Part2第3段第5句“When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted ”

解题思路：这句话是说被测试者是blind volunteers，故正确答案为blind。

Question 39

答案：smilar

关键词：choices

定位原文：Part2第3段第7句“He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning "far" to square and "near" to ”

解题思路：“Consensus”是共识的意思，从这句话我们可以知道盲人们对如何搭配基本可以达成一致意见。

Question 40

答案：B

关键词：conlusion

定位原文：Part2第3段最后一句“Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people ”

解题思路：这句话刚好是B选项的同义替换，意思是我们能够推断出盲人诠释abstract shapes与视力正常的人是一样的。

雅思阅读答案解析 第2篇

Question 1

答案：B

关键词：exchange of expertise, between different sports/collaborate, across a number of sports

定位原文：B段第2、3句“ collaborates with… a number of sports …”

解题思路: 题干中讲到不同体育领域的专业知识交流正好跟原文中跨不同体育专家之间的合作相对应，理解意思即可容易找到正确答案。

Question 2

答案：C

关键词: visual imaging/3D, image

定位原文: C段第6句: “ off the prototype of a 3D analysis …”

解题思路: 通过题干中的视频成像可以很容易找到原文中对应的3D和成像。

Question 3

答案：B

关键词: a reason for narrowing/ can’t waste time

定位原文: B段最后1句: “We can’t waste our time looking…”

解题思路: 题目中的research activity和原文中的scientific questions 属于同义表达，定位答题区域，发现此句话所要表达的意思是不在一些飘渺的、不切实际的科学问题上浪费时间，也就是说要缩小研究的范围。

Question 4

答案：F

关键词：AIS ideas reproduce/ copying

定位原文: F段第1句话 “Of course, there’s nothing…”

解题思路: 题干中的reproduce是复制的意思，之后从文章中发现句子有复制copying，即可以直接定位。

Question 5

答案：D

关键词：Obstacle, investigated/ impact, monitor

定位原文: D段第6句“ to monitor heart rate…”

解题思路: 题干提到理想成绩的障碍是如何被调查研究的，而读到对应句子之后看到正好是sensors(传感器)对于运动员跑步的impact(影响)进行研究的仪器，而且obstacles和impact对应。

Question 6

答案：A

关键词：Overview, funded support finance

定位原文: A段倒数第2句 “ programmes of excellence…”

解题思路: finances是解题关键，意思为资助，正好跟题干中funded support表达了相同的义项，直接对应。而且之后一句话提及以上项目所提供的服务和建议，可以确信答案。

Question 7

答案：E

关键词：Calculated before an event/ using data, well before a championship

定位原文: E段第1句、第2句 “Using data is a complex Well before a championship, ”

解题思路: 首先通过well before a championship和文章中before an event定位到E段， 之后发现后面提及的“竞争模型”作用就是计算时间和速率，因此内容对应上calculate，此时可断定答案的位置。

Question 8

答案：A

关键词: digital cameras

定位原文: C段倒数第3句: “ system now used in Australian national…”

解题思路: 前一句已经提到该系统已广泛应用于澳大利亚各项全国赛事之中，而没有提到其他国家，因此可以判断应该只有澳大利亚人在使用。

Question 9

答案：B

关键词：sensor

定位原文: D段第7句：“ the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro…”

解题思路: 找到相同对应词sensor，读其前后的句子，发现有 Melbourne，断定是澳大利亚人的发明。之后要特别留心动词develop运用现在进行时，表示正在开发;而且注意之后的定语从句采用了将来时，所以可以断定此发明还没有完成，应该属于将来的成果。因此选择B。

Question 10

答案: A

关键词：protein

定位原文: D段倒数第4句: “… AIS and the University of Newcastle…”

解题思路: 非常容易在前面第一句话中找到跟题目protein tests所对应的词语a test 。之后细读前后句，发现后面一句话对于此项科技成果的受益者文章中只提到AIS运动员，即澳大利亚体育学院的运动员，隶属于澳大利亚，所以应该选择A。

Question 11

答案：C

关键词: altitude tent

定位原文: F段倒数第2句: “The same has happened to the ‘altitude tent ’…”

解题思路: 文章中很容易找到用引号括起来的题目中的名词短语，因此只要细心读原句，就会发现开头的‘The same has ’同样的事情也发生在……根据经验应该顺着文章向上追溯，发现跟‘altitude tent’相同情况的是1996年奥运会上澳大利亚人受益的流线型散热运动服现在全世界都在用。因此 ‘altitude tent’也被世界各国应用。所以答案应该选择C。且根据此段话大意可以了解文章只提到两种研究成果被别国运用，即髙原帐蓬和流线型散热服。所以可以间接判断前三项成果是由澳大利人独享的。

Question 12

答案：
(a)competition model

关键词：
help an athlete plan, produced / prepare the athlete by, developing

定位原文: E段第1句“Using data…”

解题思路: Help an athlete plan their performance 对应上prepare the athlete by之后，要认真研究题目所问的是what is produced,断定所作答案必定要填一个名词。因此要细读原文发现有单词developing恰与produced相对应，中文意思是“开发”，则答案必定是开发之后的名词。

Question 13

答案：
(by)2 percent/%

关键词：
19% Olympic Games, cyclists, improve

定位原文: F段第3句“At the Atlanta…”

解题思路: 分析问句是 ‘By how improve’，意思为“提高了多少”，可以判断出答案需要写一个数字。因此仔细阅读相关语句找到 sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists ‘and rowers’ time。很快就可以找到数字百分之二

。

剑桥雅思阅读AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS及答案解析相关

雅思阅读答案解析 第3篇

Passage 1

Question 1

参考译文：
风向的运动：____更加无法预测。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为spread

关键词：movement

定位原文：
第 1 段最后1句“The wildfire than in the past” 专家表示，总的来说， 现在的森林大火比过去温度更高，蔓延的得更快，扩散踪迹更为飘忽不定。

解题思路：
原文中erratically与题目中unpredictably属于同义替换，因此spread为movement的特点。

Question 2

参考译文：火势的大小，比过去20年前平均大了_____。

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为10/ten times

关键词：
size of fires

定位原文：第 2 段第 1 句“…10 times the size of years ” 这种大火烧毁的土地面积相当于20年前一般森林大火破坏面积的10倍。

解题思路：原文中 10 times the size of average 与题目中 greater on average than 属于同义替换，因此应当填入10/ten times。

Question 3

参考译文：降水：____平均值。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为

关键词：
rainfall

定位原文：
第3段第1句“One explanation for the trend to…in many recent ” 关于频发超级火灾这—趋势，其屮-个解释便是该地区通常夏天干燥，且近几年降水远远低于正常水平。

解题思路：原文中 precipitation、normal 与题目中 rainfall 、average 分别属于同义替换，因此应当填入below。

Question 4

参考译文：
更多的灌木丛被用于_____

难度及答案：难度低;答案为fuel

关键词：
brush

定位原文：
第 3 段最后1句话 “The unintentional primary fuel for ”由此产生了无意识的后果，中断了灌木丛自然的根除过程，现在致使灌木丛成为特大火灾的主要燃料。

解题思路：根据原文可知brush的特性，原文underbrush与题目中brush属于同义替换. 因此空格应填入fuel。

Question 5

参考译文：
扩大的火灾____

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为seasons

关键词：
extended fire

定位原文：
第 4 段第 3 句 “Second is fire seasons 20 years ” 第二点是火险季节相比20年前平均延长了78天。

解题思路：
根据原文可知有什么东西在过去的20年里变长了。因此答案为seasons。

Question 6

参考译文：
更多的______建在容易着火的区域。

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为homes/housing

关键词：
more building

定位原文：
第 4 段最后一句 “Third is increased construction of ” 第三，是在多树地区，房屋的不断扩建。

解题思路：
根据原文可知homes变多了，因此可以填入homes/housing。

Question 7

参考译文：
在加利福尼亚州的空旷土地的数量在过去的十年里已经减少了很多。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为TRUE

关键词：
open space 、diminished

定位原文：
第6段第1句“In California, where…”至少十多年来，加利福尼亚州平均每年增加60多万人口，越来越多的住宅正在建造当中。

解题思路：
原文中有a decade对应题目问的last ten years，且原文提到有更多的住房被建造，与题目中space属于同义替换，因此答案为TRUE。

Question 8

参考译文：
很多专家认为加利福尼亚州的灭火准备工作没有进展。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为FALSE

关键词：
many experts 、 little progress

定位原文：
第 7 段第 1 句 “That said killed numerous ” 据称，有史以来最大的几场火灾烤焦了成千上万英亩的土地， 烧毁了数以万计的房屋， 烧死大量的居民之后，许多专家给予了加利福尼亚州相当高的评价，因其近几年来在消防准备工作中取得的进步。

解题思路：
根据关键词定位至第7段，找到experts的态度，experts的态度为high marks on making progress on preparedness，因此与题目不符合，为 FALSE。

Question 9

参考译文：
消防工作人员过去被指责错误地处理火灾。

难度及答案：
难度难;答案为TRUE

关键词：
personnel 、 criticize for mishandling fire containment

定位原文：
第 7 段最后一句 “Stung in the past…previously，observers ” 观察家们表示这些火灾本该受到控制却依旧蔓延开来，相关部门过去被严厉指责为工作不力。如今，他们正面临着来自周边地区和峡谷的前所未有的巨大挑战。

解题思路：
该题难点在于对应原文为长难句，通过对对应原文的解读，可知题干所描述内容与原文相符，因此为TRUE。

Question 10

参考译文：加利福尼亚已经更换了一批消防用具。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为TRUE

关键词：
arrange of firefighting tools

定位原文：
第 8 段第 1 句 “State promises to provide…” 州政府已经实现了关于提供更多先进的消防车、飞机和直升机以对抗火灾的承诺。

解题思路：
通过对应原文可知，题干所描述事件正确因此为true。

Question 11

参考译文：
已经雇佣了更多的消防人员来提高处理火灾的能力。

难度及答案：
难度中;答案为NOT GIVEN

关键词：
More firefighters

定位原文：无

解题思路：
因为原文中无法找到题干所描述的事件，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 12

参考译文：居民和政府组织不同意不同的州和社会组织之间的合作-

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为FALSE

关键词：disapprove 、 working together

定位原文：
第 8 段第 3 句 “We are pleased that…of the firefighters ” “我们很高兴现任加利福尼亚州的行政部门.非常积极主动地支持我们，同时已经通过了我们渴望已久的、满足基础设施需求的预算支持方案。”消防队联盟的麦克黑尔先生表示。

解题思路：
根据对应原文，发现居民和政府对于州际之间联合是proactive的态度，而是题干中所说的disapprove，因此为FALSE。

Question 13

参考译文：Randy Jacobs认为因为火灾而失去生命的人的数量不会改变，尽管(在救火能力上)已经有了改变。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为FALSE

关键词：
Randy Jacobs、the same

定位原文：
第 10 段最后—句 “Notwithstanding all the , he ” “尽管由森林 大火引起的损失还将持续，但我们不会像过去那样蒙受生命损失了，因为火灾预防和消防措施已经到位。”他说道。

解题思路：
由原文可知we will no longer endured in the 题干描述与之不符, 因此为FALSE。

Passage 2

Questions 14-15

参考译文：传统意义上，心理学家认为人的性格是不可能____并且在一个人_____时候，性格就已经定型了。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为 transformation/change; young age

关键词：第1空的关键闻为traditionally believe、impossible;第二空的关键词为person"s character tend to be

定位原文：A 部分第 1 段第 1 句 “Psychologists have long…a very young ” 心理学家 长期以来持有一种观点，即人们的性格在任何有意义的方式下都不会经受改变， 并且人们的主要性格特点在小时候就已经确定了。

解题思路：根据对应原文发现原文有两个分句刚好对应题目的两个空格，从and前的分句中 cannot undergo 对应 impossible, 因此第 1 个空格为 transformation 从第2空格句中发现空格前有定冠词“a”，且traits of personality对应person"s characteristics，determined 对应 fixed，因此第 2 空为 young age。

Questions 16

参考译文：
其中一个最容易获得的品质是___。

难度及答案：
难度高;答案为optimism

关键词：
the easiest qualities

定位原文：
A部分第2段第1句“Some of ”有一些品质没有另一些品质如此难以开发，乐观这个品质就是其中一个。

解题思路：
从对应原文中找到比较级，原文中出现比较级的部分一般为考点。文中指出有一些品质没有另外一些品质那么难养成，乐观(optimism)就是其中一个，与 one of the easiest 对应，此空格填 optimism。

Questions 17

参考译文：
但是，不管是哪种品行，人们都有必要学习各种各样的______以发展新的品行。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为skills/techniques 。

关键词：learn、 a wide variety of

定位原文：
A部分第2段第2句“However, developing sometimes ”但是，人们想要开发这些品质要求掌握一系列的技巧，这些技巧五花八门，有时候还可能让人很吃惊。

解题思路：
原文中的learn、a range of与题目中master、a wide variety of 分别为同义替换，因此此空可填 techniques/skills。

Questions 18

参考译文：
例如，一个人必须要明白和感受一些目的是提高他们的快乐程度。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为 negative emotions/feelings

关键词：
understand and feel 、 increase their happiness

定位原文：
A部分第2段第3句“For example, to bring more…” 例如，你如果想为你的生活增加更多的快乐和激情，你必须敞开胸怀对待消极的情绪。

解题思路：
原文中 bring more joy and passion in my life、experience 与題干中 increase their happiness、understand and fed分别属于同义替换。因此，本题答案为 negative, emotion。

Questions 19

参考译文：
他们必须接受这个事实，即人们在第一次尝试一些新事物的时候知道的不多。

难度及答案：难度高;答案为E

关键词：
accept、 first trying something new

定位原文：
F 部分第 3，4 句 “Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this…he ” 心理学家 Todd Kashdan提供了这类的建议给人们去获取这些新的激情。他说：“作为一个新人，你通常需要去忍受并嘲笑自己的无知。你必须接受那些消极的情绪。”

解题思路：
在对应原文中找到Kashdan的态度，原文中own ignorance、accept与題干中 they do not know、tolerate and laugh at your own 分别属于同义替换，因此此题配对E项。

Question 20

参考译文：
去主动留意美好的事情对一个人是很重要的。

难度答案：
难度高;答案为C

关键词：
actively notice、 good things happen

定位原文：
D段第2句“She recommends you about each ”她建议人们应该训练自己去关注那些美好的事情并且记录下每天发生的三件美好的事情。这样做有助于自己说服自己让人开心的事情每时每刻都在发生，也更加容易使你采取实际的行动(去做积极的事情)。

解题思路：
参照对应原文，找到了Segerstrom的态度，原文中train yourselves to pay attention to、positive things that come about each day 与题干中的actively notice、good things happen分别属于同义替换，因此此题答案为C。

Question 21

参考译文：勇气是可以学习的，只要人们意识到勇气源于责任感。

难度及答案：难度高;答案为G

关键词：
courage、 sense of responsibilities

定位原文：
H 部分第 I 段第 5 句 “According to Cynthia ” 根据一位来自克莱姆森大学的心理学会Cynthia Pury的观点，Pedeleose的故事证明了一个观点，这个观点就是勇气不是被无畏所激发，而是通过道德责任所激发。

解题思路：
参照对应原文，原文中moral obligation与题干中sense of responsibilities属于同义替换，且由原文中可知courage是obligation产生的，因此此題答案为G。

Question 22

参考译文：
当面对需要在公众面前演讲的需求时，害羞是可以被克服的。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为A

关键词：
overcome shyness、speak in public

定位原文：
B部分第3句“So he learned to be…his ”因此，他开始学怎样变得亲和， 怎样活跃他的课堂。

解题思路：
根据对应原文，原文中 be more outgoing、entertain his classes 与题干中 overcome shyness、speak in the public分别属于同义替换，因此本题答案为A。

Question 23

参考译文：提到了关于提到如何理性的思考，从而达到生理上的目标。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为E

关键词：rational thinking、physical goals

定位原文：
E 部分第 5 句 “Streeter learned to and mind could ” Streeter 通过判断自己身体和心理可以承受的程度，学习了如何去解除她的恐惧。

解题思路：
题干中rational thinking对应原文learn to untangle her fears，原文全句表达了 Streeter战胜了她心理上和生理上的恐惧，达到了自己的目标，即为题干中的 physical goals，因此此题匹配E段。

Question 24

参考译文：解释一个人是如何克服悲伤的心情的经历。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为C

关键词：overcome a sad experience

定位原文：
C部分全文，再发生了一场终止他运动生涯的意外时，David Fajgenbaum也做过相似的性格转换，那时他正准备上大学。在大学校园里，他很快发现：除了普通的询问，学校里并没有为像他那样正在经受生理恢复和心理沮丧的学生提供服务。

他因此发起了一个提供服务小组去帮助其他的那些和他有着相似境况的人。他对于这样的情况采取了行动，尽管他自己也在经受运伤痛，这是一种积极者的反应。

解题思路：
C段全文在描写David Fajgenbaum在事故之运如何以一种乐观的心态面对已经积极的帮助他人的。因此匹配C段。

Question 25

参考译文：
描述一个人如何决定去重新思考自己的学术研究之路。

难度及答案：
难度高;答案为G

关键词：
rethink their academic career path

定位原文：
G部分第1段，在20XX年，医学科学家Mauro Zappaterra开始在哈佛大学医学院开展他的博士学位的研究。不幸的是，他相当痛苦，因为他的研究与他所好奇的关于治疗相关疾病的方案不相符合。最终他在Santa Fe休息了一段时间，在这八个月的时间里，Zappaterra学到一种没有在哈佛学过的可替代的治疗技术。当回来的时候，他改变了他的实验项目，转而研究脑脊髓液是如何滋养神经系统的发展。他也发誓要在一切事物中，包括失败中，寻找快乐。因为失败可以帮助他了解自己的研究和他自身。

解题思路：
G段描述了 Zappaterra这个人从事的研究方向。从G段第四句描述了 Zappaterra 转变了自己的研究方向，因此该题匹配G段。

Question 26

参考译文：举例说明一个人出于责任感不惜以自己的事业作为代价.

难度及答案; 难度中等;答案为H

关键词：
risked his career、sense of duty

定位原文：
H部分第 1 段第 3 句“ The new manger was intimidating be ” 一个新上任的经理恐吓员工，Pedeleose明知自己的事业会遭到威胁，仍仔细地录下他每次作恶的片段，并且最终将证据交给高级主管。

解题思路：
原文以Pedeleose为例，讲述他出于道义举报领导的不良行为的事迹。文中的 his own job security would be threatened 与题目中的 risked his career属于同义替换。

Passage 3

Question 27

参考译文：
当讨论Louis Dollo的理论时,作者说____

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为C。

关键词：
Louis Dollo

定位原文：
第3段第2, 3句“In ”在1890年，他提出进化是不可以逆转的：“一个有机体不能够回转到之前它的祖先已经实现了的阶段，哪怕只是一部分。” 在20世纪早期，生物学家得出一个相似的结论，即尽管他们认同返祖现象的可能性，并表示没有理由证明为什么进化不能被反向运行，但他们就是认为发生的可能性极小。

解题思路：
根据关键词Louis Dollo定位至第3段，得知他提出进化是不可逆转的，可是20世纪的时候，生物学家认为没有原因不可逆转，也就是进化是可逆转的。所 以是答案C。

Question 28

参考译文：
文中提到在Vancouver岛附近捉到的座头鲸，因为_____。

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为D

关键词：
humpback whale、vancouver

定位原文：
第4段前4句“If Dollo’”如果多洛氏法则是正确的，返祖现象就算真的有， 应该也很少发生。然而，几乎自这种想法产生起，就已经出现特例了。比如， 在1919年，一头座头鲸在加拿大温哥华岛被捕获，它带有一双长达1米、像脚的附肢，且有着一套完整的肢骨。探险家Roy Chapman Andrews在那时表明这头鲸鱼一定是某种陆地生活的祖先动物的反向进化结果。

解题思路：
原文中对于座头鲸的特征有详细的描述，为什么长成这个样子也做出了解释，说是一种反向进化的结果。所以选择D。

Question 29

参考译文：
关于“休眠基因”有何描述?

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为C

关键词：
silent genes

定位原文：
第5段最后一句“If ”如果这些休眠基因在以某种方式再次激活，他们表示，生物长时间丢失的特征可以重现。

解题思路：
关键词silent genes 在原文中重现。long-lost traits 替换了 certain characteristics，原文中的 reappear替换了 re-emergence。

Question 30

参考译文：
作者提到鼹钝口螈，因为_____

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为B

关键词：
mole salamander

定位原文：
第7段第1句及最后—句“As a possible ”作为一个有可能例证的事件， 团队列举了墨西哥和加利福尼亜的鼹钝口螈。鼹钝口螈的例子与Raff的1000万年的学说框架相符合。

解题思路：
找到mole salamander这个例子并不难，难度在于解题点在这段的最后一句话， 距离有点远而已。原文最后一句fits With与选项B中的correct属于同义替换c。证明Raff的理论是正确的。

Question 31

参考译文：
下面哪一个是Wagner的理论?

难度及答案：难度低;答案为A

关键词：
Wagner

定位原文：
第8段第2句到段尾“In a ”在一个去年发表的文章中，耶鲁大学的生物学家Gunter Wagner汇报了一些关于南美蜥蜴Bachia进化史研究的工作。

它们中的一些拥有非常小的肢节;有一些看起来更像蛇而非蜥錫;有一些完全失去了后肢的趾头。然而，其他的则彰显出了后肢的四个趾头。

最简单的解释就是这些有趾的蜥蜴品种从没有失去过趾头，但Wagner并不认同。根据他对 Bachia的族谱的区别，有趾的物种从它们无趾的祖先进化而成，更有甚者，脚趾的消失和产生在过去的数百万年间发生过不止一次。

解题思路：
根据关键词Wagner定位至第8段。最后一句中的re-evolved、loss and gain和 occurred on more than one occasion 与选项 A 中的 lost and regained several times属于同义替换。

Question 32

参考译文：
很长一段时间，生物学家都拒绝____。

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为F

关键词：
for a long time、biologist、rejected

定位原文：第1段第2句“For the better part…”在一个世纪的大部分时间里，大多数生物学家不愿意用反向进化等这些词，他们铭记着一个进化原则即“进化是不可以反向运行的”。

解题思路：
这个題不难，原文中for the better part of a century替换了 for a long time，原文中reluctant 替换了 rejected。

Question 33

参考译文：
对于返祖进化持有相对立的观点代表有_____。

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为G

关键词：
opposing views

定位原文：
第3段第1句“While ”当Lombroso在观测犯人时，一位比利时的古生物学家Louis Dollo正在研究化石记录并得出了相反的结论。

解题思路：
根据关键词opposing views定位到第3句opposite condusion，句话里的两个人的意见是相反的。

Question 34

参考译文：
反向进化的例子导致了____。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为A

关键词：
examples 、 led to

定位原文：
第5段前两句“Since ”自从那时起，很多其他的例子已被发现，所以进化是不可逆转的这种观点再也无法成立了。这同时产生了困惑：消失了几千万年的特征是如何能重新出现的?

解题思路：
关键词examples中原文中重现。原文中propose与题目中led to属于同义替换， 原文中 characteristics that disappeared millions of years ago 与选项 A 中 long?est traits 也属于同义替换。

Question 35

参考译文：
提到鲨鱼和虎鲸是为了

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为B

关键词：
shark、killer whale

定位原文：
倒数第2段第2句“One possibility is…”其中一个可能性就是这三种特性只是失去了，之后又简单地重现。这就像相似的结构可以独立地产生在没有血缘关系的物种中，就像鲨鱼和虎鲸的背部的鳍一样。

解题思路：
根据关键词定位至倒数第2段。原文中similar structures替换了选项B中的particular feature，原文中 unrelated species 替换了选项 B 中的 different species。

Question 36

参考译文：Wabner 的研究成果的解释之一是

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为

关键词：
explanation finding、Wagner

定位原文：
倒数第2段第3句‘Another ” 另一种更加有吸引力的可能性是那些用来生长趾头的基因信息在蜥蜴上存活了几百或者是几千万年，并且这种基因信息被重新激活了。

解题思路：
倒数第2段讲了 Wagner的发现。原文中的possibility与题目中的explanation 属于同义替换。原文中survive与选项D中continued existence属于同义替换。

Question 37

参考译文：
Wagner是第一个做南美洲蜥蜴研究的人。

答案及难度：
难度低;答案为NOT GIVEN .

关键词：
Wagner 、south American lizards

定位原文：
第8段第2 句 “In a ” 在一个去年发表的文章中，耶鲁大学的生物学家 Gunter Wagner汇报了一些关于南美蜥蜴Bachia进化史研究的工作。

解题思路：
在文中并没有提到Wagner是否是第一人，所以未提及。

Question 38

参考译文：
Wagner相信有趾头的Bachia撕锡，其祖先并没有趾头。

难度及答案: 难度低; 答案为YES

关键词：
Bachia lizards，toeless、ancestors

定位原文：
第8段最后两句“The ,”最简单的解释就是这些有趾的蜥蜴品种从没有失去过趾头， 但Wagner并不认同。根据他对Bachia的族谱的区别，有趾的物种从它们无趾的祖先进化而成，更有甚者，脚趾的消失和产生在过去的数百万年间发生过不止一次。

解题思路：关键词Bachia和toeless在文中重现，根锯Wagner的调查.它们是从toeless ancestors进化来的;文中内容与题目一致。

Question 39

参考译文：
胚胎时期，短暂出现了消失很久的特点的这种情况是非常少见的。

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为NO。

关键词：
embryos

定位原文：
最后1段第3句话 “Early ”许多物种早期的胚胎发展出了祖先的特性。

解题思路：
关键词embryos在文中重现。原文中说这种现象存在于许多物种中(many species),可是题目说这个现象非常少见(rare)，所以很明显矛盾。其中，原文中ancestral features与题目中long-lost trails 属于同义替换。

Question 40

参考译文：
反向进化可能是由于子宫内的发展问题

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为YES

关键词：
womb、developmental

定位原文：
最后1段最后两句“Later in ”这些特性在后期发展中由于某些进化程式消失了，该程式可能导致“腿部的消失”。如果因为任何原因这些事情没有发生，祖先的种.种特性也许就不会消失，导致返祖现象。

解题思路：
根据关键间womb和developmental定位至最后一段。

原文中thanks to 中caused by属于同义替换。最后一句说，如果发展的过程没有进行的话，那么就会造成返祖现象，与题目一致，所以答案为YES。

雅思阅读答案解析 第4篇

Passage 1

Question 1

答案：
v

关键词：
段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文: A段内容

解题思路: A段将了一个医药公司销售代表去一个医疗中心展示自己最新样品的叙述，医生半开玩笑地问了一个问题是what do you have?对照list，应该是v，一个事例的单纯叙述。

Question 2

答案：vi

关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文: B段内容

解题思路: B段讲述了药品推销代表Schaefer的推销礼品预算，因此答案应为选项vi。

Question 3

答案：iii

关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文: C段最后两句

解题思路: 原文说……商业不会采取没有效用的策略，那么医生是否应该为药品销售的过度铺张受到谴责呢?抑或是划定界限的责任应该由制药行业承担?前面还说到一个类似的比喻，是先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题。说明是一个争执型的问题，对应选项iii“谁该为不断增加的推销负责?”

Question 4

答案：
ix

关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文: D段内容，第2句“Salespeople provide…”

解题思路: 第2句说销售人员向医师提供急需的信息和教育。很多情况下，光洁的小册子、打印的文章和处方是销售人员向健康护理人员提供的主要资源。对应选项ix“药品推销的积极面”。

Question 5

答案：i

关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文: E段最后4句内容

解题思路: 最后4句话说这些钱花得有意义吗?这一点很难说。“我一直接受一家公司的髙尔夫球， 我也使用这些球，但是这并不意味着我会在处方中开这家公司的药品”，一名医生这样说，“我更倾向于认为自己并没有受到他们给我提供的物品的影响。”对应选项i“并不是所有的医生都被药品推销打动”。

Question 6

答案：vii

关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文：F段第3句“Though few…”

解题思路: 定位局说虽然在这方面很少有综合研究，但是华盛顿大学的一项研究调查了药品试用品的可获取性是如何影响医生开处方的。对应选项vii“药品推销效果的研究。”

Question 7

答案：x

关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文: G段第1、2句“The bottom line…”

解题思路: 定位句说制药公司就整体而言，在市场上的投入远远大于在研发上的投入。最终在飞涨的处方价格中，病人会为分发的每一支笔、每一张免费戏票、每一顿牛排晚餐买单。这个就回答了x选项中的问题，谁在真正为医生的免费礼物买单呢?

Question 8

答案：
NO

关键词：Kim Schaefer, budget

定位原文: B段第2、3句“But on any given…”

解题思路: Schaefer所能提供的东西在医药销售中是非常有代表性的，一车厢用于促销的礼物和小玩意，能支付一个小地区买午餐和晚餐的预算，数百个药物免费试用品，以及可以自由给医生支付的200美元，用以给六个适宜使用其公司药品的患者开药。另外，她还有1000美金的酬金作为医生参加公司下次教育讲座的费用。这个叙述和题干的“类似Kim Schaefer这样的销售代表的预算十分有限。”是冲突的。

Question 9

答案：
YES

关键词：
criticism on moral grounds

定位原文: C段第3句“They work in…”

解题思路: 原文说他们从事的是因销售和营销的方式备受批评的行业，与题干“Kim Schaefer的销售策略有可能会受到道德的谴责”表达一致。

Question 10

答案：
NO

关键词：information provided by drug companies

定位原文: D段第2句“Sales people provide…”

解题思路: much-needed这个词就说明这样的信息是非常需要的，和题干的“医药公司提供的信息对医生几乎没有什么用处”这个意思是冲突的。

Question 11

答案：
YES

关键词：Evidence of drug promotion

定位原文: E段第3、4句“Rarely…”

解题思路: 病人几乎看不到医生使用没有药品名称的笔或者护士使用没有印上公司标识的小药片，很多钱都花在了制作促销产品上，什么咖啡杯，雨伞，T-shirt等等，这些证据都是清晰可见的，所以答案是YES。

Question 12

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：free drug samples, prescriptions

定位原文: F段最后1句“A total of…”

解题思路: 虽提到了药物试用品，但和题目的内容完全不相关。因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 13

答案：
YES

关键词：legitimate, make money

定位原文: G段第3句“In the end…”

解题思路: 定位句说最终，事实就是制药公司总能获取利润，并会不断发现促进销售的新方法，题干表述没有问题。

Test 4 Passage 2

Question 14

答案：
B

关键词：Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade, illiterate

定位原文: 第3段第2句“By 1985…”

解题思路: 到1985年，全国有30万文盲人口学会了阅读、 写宇和使用数宇，其中很多人没上过小学。因此答案为B选项。

Question 15

答案：
F

关键词：pubic health experts, child health

定位原文: 第5段第2句开始到结束

解题思路: 明确提到研究结果表明女性的受教育程度和孩子的健康有密切联系。因此答案为F选项。

Question 16

答案：
C

关键词：Nicaragua

定位原文: 第4段最后1句: “The research teams…”

解题思路: 研究小组同时也调查了存活的孩子以了解他们的健康程度。因此答案为C选项。

Question 17

答案：J

关键词：attitudes, eliminated

定位原文: 第2段第1句“Most…”

解题思路: 女性受到教育这一事实可能仅仅显示出其家庭比较富裕或者家庭更为看重子女…所以答案为J。

Question 18

答案：
F

关键词：infant health and survival

定位原文: 第2段最后1句“Now a…”

解题思路: 这项研究的结果表明妇女阅读能力的提高对其孩子的健康和生存有直接影响。

Question 19

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：a thousand of the women

定位原文: 第4段第1句

解题思路: 就在这里说调查了3000名女性，然后一些怎么样，另一些怎么样，但是并没有说到题干说的研究人员调查的妇女中大约有1000人在儿童时期就学会了阅读。

Question 20

答案：
NO

关键词：Before the National Literacy Crusade

定位原文: 第5段内容

解题思路: 研究者的发现令人吃惊。在20世纪70年代末期，文盲母亲的婴儿死亡率约为1000个婴儿中有110个死亡。那些后来才学习阅读的母亲也有相同的婴儿死亡率(105/1000)。然而对于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性而言，婴儿死亡率为相对而言比较低，为80/1000。”显然婴儿死亡率差异很大，因此答案为NO。

Question 21

答案：
YES

关键词：110 deaths

定位原文: 第5段第2句和第6段的第1句

解题思路: 在20世纪70年代末期，文盲母亲的婴儿死亡率约为1000 个婴儿中有 110个死亡。……在1985年，全国扫盲运动结束后，仍旧不识字和小学期间接受教育的母亲的婴儿死亡率几乎没有什么改变。因此答案为YES。

Question 22

答案：
YES

关键词：the greatest change in infant mortality levels

定位原文: 第6段第2句“For those…”

解题思路: 而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性，其婴儿死亡率为 84/1000，比仍然不识字的母亲的婴儿死亡率整整低了21点。因此答案为YES。

Question 23

答案：
NO

关键词：the lowest rates of child mortality

定位原文: 第5段最后1句和第6段第2句

解题思路: 在全国扫盲运动中学会阅读的女性婴儿死亡率最低。

原文：“然而对于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性而言，婴儿死亡率相对而言比较低，为80/1000。……而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性，其婴儿死亡率为84/1000……”。可见，在全国扫盲运动中学会阅读的女性的婴儿死亡率髙于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性，因此答案为NO。

Question 24

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：severely malnourished

定位原文: 无

解题思路: 题目说在全国扫盲运动之后，仍旧不识字的母亲的婴儿严重营养不良。第6段说了全国扫盲运动之后，婴儿死亡率的问题，但是并没有说到营养不良的问题，所以是Not Given。

Question 25 & Question 26

答案：C E (in either order)

关键词：Nicaraguan

定位原文: 第6段第2句“For those…”;第8段第3句“The results…”

解题思路: 第6段定位句中说，而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性，其婴儿死亡率为84/1000，比仍然不识字的母亲的婴儿死亡率整整低了21点。----对应C选项;第8段定位句中说，女性教育，在任何年龄阶段，都是‘对健康非常重要的影响因素’。这项研究的结果支持了世界银行对于发展中国家增加教育预算的建议，这不仅能够帮助发展中国家发展经济，同时也能提高孩子的健康水平----对应E选项。

Test 4 Passage 3

Question 27

答案：
iv

关键词：段落匹配题，无题干关键词

定位原文: A段第2、3句“A survey…”

解题思路: 这段描述了作者调查中的欺凌现象，对应选项iv。

Question 28

答案：
vi

关键词：段落匹配题，无题干关键词

定位原文: B段第1句“Bullying is…”

解题思路: 段落一开头就说明了欺凌产生的影响是非常不愉快的，而且会使经历过的孩子产生自贬和沮丧情绪，后面接着描述了一些情况，极端的情况导致自杀等等。对应vi选项，欺凌行为对孩子的影响。

Question 29

答案：v

关键词：段落匹配题，无题干关键词

定位原文: C段第2句“Perhaps as…”

解题思路: 定位句说可能由此产生的一个现象就是学校经常会否认这一问题，后面反复提到school 如何如何，对应v选项，学校对于欺凌现象的反应。

Question 30

答案：
vii

关键词：段落匹配题，无题干关键词

定位原文: D段内容

解题思路: D段一开头就说了three factors，说了导致这一变化有三个原因。第一是对欺凌问题严重性的认识;第二，在英国有一些帮助处理欺凌的资源。……第三，有证据表明，这些材料发挥了作用，学校也因此在反欺凌方面取得一些成绩。……因此答案应为选项vii“学校对付欺凌新办法的发展”。

Question 31

答案：B

关键词：A recent survey

定位原文: A段第2、3句“A survey…”

解题思路: 我们发现在英国小学中，有四分之一的小学生有过受欺凌的经历，其中十个案例中有一例为不断受到欺凌。中学的欺凌现象要好一些……因此答案为B选项。

Question 32

答案：D

关键词：Children who are bullied

定位原文: B段第3句“Victimised…”

解题思路: 受到欺凌的小学生成年后更容易在人际沟通中遭遇困难。因此答案为D选项。

Question 33

答案：D

关键词：The declaration ‘There is no bullying at this school’

定位原文: C段前两句“Until…”

解题思路: 到目前为止，我们对这一问题的了解还远远不够， 而且也几乎没有给教师提供处理欺凌问题的帮助。可能由此产生的一个现象就是学校经常会否认这一问题。“这个学校没有欺凌”已经被重复了无数次，但是绝大多数情况下都不是事实。因此答案为D选项。

Question 34

答案：
A

关键词：Norway

定位原文: D段倒数第2句“In Norway…”

解题思路: 在挪威，经过一次全国范围的干预运动之后，对42 所学校的一项评估显示，在两年多的时间内欺凌行为减少了一半。因此答案为A选项。

Question 35

答案：
policy

关键词：makes the school"s attitude towards bullying quite clear

定位原文: E部分的第1段第1句

解题思路: 证据表明，控制欺凌行为最核心的步骤是制定遭遇欺凌行为的政策(policy)……因此答案为policy。

Question 36

答案：
(explicit) guidelines

关键词：how the school and its staff will react if bullying occurs

定位原文: E部分的第1段第1句

解题思路: ……明确欺凌行为意味着什么，并就其发生时应该采取哪些措施、保存哪些记录、通知何人、实施何种制裁方式等给出明确的指导(explicit guidelines);what will be done 和题目空后的how…will react 是同义表达。

Question 37

答案：
(school)curriculum

关键词：
action can be taken

定位原文: E部分第2段第2句“There are ways…”

解题思路: 通过在课程(curriculum)中使用影像、戏剧和文学等方法去处理这一问题。”因此答案为(school)curriculum。

Question 38

答案：
victims

关键词：potential, trained to be more self-confident

定位原文: E部分第3段第2句“Assertiveness…”

解题思路: 对于那些容易成为被欺凌对象(victims)的学生而言，进行自信训练是很有意义的”，因此答案为victims。

Question 39

答案：
playful fighting

关键词：
playground supervision

定位原文: E部分第4段第2句“One useful…”

解题思路: 一个有效的步骤就是培训午餐时段督导员以区分嬉戏式争斗(playful fighting)和欺凌行为，并帮助他们中止冲突。因此答案为playful fighting。

Question 40

答案：
D

关键词：most suitable title

定位原文: 全文

解题思路: 虽然是选择标题，但是难度并不大，A、B、C三个选项显然都非常片面，只有D选项——“欺凌：从危机管理到预防”是相对最全面的。

雅思阅读答案解析 第5篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are based on Reading Passage 1

Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes — about the duration of a normal classroom In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests — what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them — independent of any formal It is also possible that some of these ideas will be

Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular Sometimes this information may be It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their

Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their

The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. Some children described them as damp, wet or The second question concerned the geographical location of The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the

Responses to question three concerned the importance of The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal

Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal

The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging

One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on

In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not

The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of

Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the

2 Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their

3 It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the ‘pure’ science that they study at

4 The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change

5 The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as ‘Are there any rainforests in Africa?’

6 Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests’

7 The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of

8 A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children’s ideas about

Questions 9-13

The box below gives a list of responses A-P to the questionnaire discussed in Reading Passage

Answer the following questions by choosing the correct responses

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer

9 What was the children’s most frequent response when asked where the rainforests were?

10 What was the most common response to the question about the importance of the rainforests?

11 What did most children give as the reason for the loss of the rainforests?

12 Why did most children think it important for the rainforests to be protected?

13 Which of the responses is cited as unexpectedly uncommon, given the amount of time spent on the issue by the newspapers and television?

A There is a complicated combination of reasons for the loss of the

B The rainforests are being destroyed by the same things that are destroying the forests of Western

C Rainforests are located near the

D Brazil is home to the

E Without rainforests some animals would have nowhere to

F Rainforests are important habitats for a lot of

G People are responsible for the loss of the

H The rainforests are a source of

I Rainforests are of consequence for a number of different

J As the rainforests are destroyed, the world gets

K Without rainforests there would not be enough oxygen in the

L There are people for whom the rainforests are

M Rainforests are found in

N Rainforests are not really important to human

O The destruction of the rainforests is the direct result of logging

P Humans depend on the rainforests for their continuing

Question 14

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D or

Write your answer in box 14 on your answer

Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 1?

A The development of a programme in environmental studies within a science curriculum

B Children’s ideas about the rainforests and the implications for course design

C The extent to which children have been misled by the media concerning the rainforests

D How to collect, collate and describe the ideas of secondary school

E The importance of the rainforests and the reasons for their destruction

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2

What Do Whales Feel?

An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises

Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are

The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free-ranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched

The sense of vision is developed to different degree in different Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater — specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whale and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii — have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic

On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the

Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded The South American boutu and Chinese Beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of

Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid

echolocation: the perception of objects by means of sound wave

Questions 15-21

Complete the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for each

Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer

SENSE SPECIES ABILITY COMMENTS

Smell toothed no evidence from brain structure

baleen not certain related brain structures are present

Taste some types poor nerves linked to their 15………are underdeveloped

Touch all yes region around the blowhole very sensitive

Vision 16……… yes probably do not have stereoscopic vision

Dolphins, porpoises yes probably have stereoscopic vision 17………and………

18………

yes probably have stereoscopic vision forward and upward

Bottlenose dolphins yes exceptional in 19………and good in air-water interface

Boutu and beiji poor have limited vision

Indian susu no probably only sense direction and intensity of light

Hearing most large baleen yes usually use 20………; repertoire limited

21………whales and ………whales

yes song-like

Toothed yes use more of frequency spectrum; have wider repertoire

Questions 22-26

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer

22 Which of the senses is described here as being involved in mating?

23 What species swims upside down while eating?

24 What can bottlenose dolphins follow from under the water?

25 Which type of habitat is related to good visual ability?

26 Which of the senses is best developed in cetaceans?

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3

Visual Symbols and the Blind

Part 1

From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in But pictures are more than literal This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle ( 1). I was taken Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figures until about

When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s spokes as curved When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines — or any other kind of line, for that matter? The answer was not So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of

To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of

All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought, suggested that the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning

In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was the favoured description for the blind in every What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted

Part 2

Words associated Agreement

with circle/square among

subjects (%)

SOFT-HARD 100

MOTHER-FATHER 94

HAPPY-SAD 94

GOOD-EVIL 89

LOVE-HATE 89

ALIVE-DEAD 87

BRIGHT-DARK 87

LIGHT-HEAVY 85

WARM-COLD 81

SUMMER-WINTER 81

WEAK-STRONG 79

FAST-SLOW 79

CAT-DOG 74

SPRING-FALL 74

QUIET-LOUD 62

WALKING-STANDING 62

ODD-EVEN 57

FAR-NEAR 53

PLANT-ANIMAL 53

DEEP-SHALLOW 51

2 Subjects were asked which word in each pair fits best with a circle and which with a These percentages show the level of consensus among sighted

We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart — choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from China, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their

We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to a For example, we asked: What goes with soft? A circle or a square? Which shape goes with hard?

All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to (See ) When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning ‘far’ to square and ‘near’ to In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects — 53% — had paired far and near to the opposite Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people

Questions 27-29

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write your answers in boxes 27-29 on your answer

27 In the first paragraph the writer makes the point that blind

A may be interested in studying

B can draw outlines of different objects and

C can recognise conventions such as

D can draw

28 The writer was surprised because the blind woman

A drew a circle on her own

B did not understand what a wheel looked

C included a symbol representing

D was the first person to use lines of

29 From the experiment described in Part 1, the writer found that the blind subjects

A had good understanding of symbols representing

B could control the movement of wheels very

C worked together well as a group in solving

D got better results than the sighted

Questions 30-32

Look at the following diagrams (Questions 30-32), and the list of types of movement Match each diagram to the type of movement A-E generally assigned to it the Choose the correct letter A-E and write them in boxes 30-32 on your answer

A steady spinning

B jerky movement

C rapid spinning

D wobbling movement

E use of brakes

Questions 33-39

Complete the summary below using words from the

Write your answers in boxes 33-39 on your answer

NB You may use any word more than

In the experiment described in Part 2, a set of word 33…… was used to investigate whether blind and sighted people perceived the symbolism in abstract 34…… in the same Subjects were asked which word fitted best with a circle and which with a From the 35… volunteers, everyone thought a circle fitted ‘soft’ while a square fitted ‘hard’.

However, only 51% of the 36…… volunteers assigned a circle to 37…… . When the test was later repeated with 38…… volunteers, it was found that they made 39……

associations blind deep hard

hundred identical pairs shapes

sighted similar shallow soft

words

Question 40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or

Write your answer in box 40 on your answer

Which of the following statements best summarises the writer’s general conclusion?

A The blind represent some aspects of reality differently from sighted

B The blind comprehend visual metaphors in similar ways to sighted

C The blind may create unusual and effective symbols to represent

D The blind may be successful artists if given the right

雅思阅读答案解析 第6篇

Passage 1参考译文：

加利福尼亚州的特大火灾

干旱，房屋的大量扩建，易燃物的过度供给导致美国西部发生更大更热的火灾。

森林大火正在成为美国西部不断增大的威胁，而加利福尼亚州南部是受影响最严重的地区。加利福尼亚州南部大火愈加频发，尽管与其对抗的救火队有着相比以前更为充分的准备和多年消除由“圣安娜之风”煽动起的火灾的经验，他们还是在控制大火上遇到了困难。这是有原因的。专家表示，总的来说，现在的森林大火比过去溫度更高，蔓延得更快，扩散踪迹更为飘忽不定。

特大火灾，也称为“围攻火”，是指近来频发的能够烧毁万英亩及以上土地的大火，这种大火烧毁的土地面积相当于20年前一般森林大火破坏面积的10倍。据州政府统计和新闻报道显示，最近几场森林大火已被列入加利福尼亚州有史以来在烧毁面积上的最重大型火灾。

关于频发超级火灾这一趋势，其中一个解释便是该地区通常夏天干燥，且近几年降水量远远低于正常水平。专家表示，另外一个原因是与美国林务局一项长达一个世纪的政策有关。该政策规定发生森林大火时应尽快阻止大火。由此产生了无意识的后果，即是：中断了灌木丛自然的根除过程，现在致使灌木丛成为特大火灾的主要燃料。

他们补充道，还有其他三个因素导致该趋势。首先是气候的变化，整个西部地区平均每年温度上升1 华氏摄氏度。第二点是火险季节相比20年前平均延长了78天。第三，是在多树地区房屋的不断扩建。

“我们在易燃的生态系统中不断地建造我们的房屋，”马萨诸塞州伍斯特市克拉克大学地理研究生院的副教授多米尼克?库拉考斯基表示，“在美国西部大多数森林中这样做，如同在一个活火山的边上建房。”

至少十多年来，加利福尼亚州平均每年增加60多万人口，越来越多的住宅正在建造当中。“曾一度空旷的地带现在是高密度的住宅屋群，这为火灾的发生提供了燃料。”加利福尼亚州林业消防员联盟部的特里?麦克黑尔指出，“这么严重的干旱，这么多可能发生大火的社区，这么多需要去努力的方面，消防已成为一项不可思议的工作。”

据称，有史以来最大的几场火灾烤焦了成千上万英亩的土地，烧毁了数以万计的房屋，烧死大量的居民之后，许多专家给予了加利福尼亚州相当高的评价，因其近几年来在消防准备工作中取得的进步。观察家们表示，这些火灾本该受到控制却依旧蔓延开来，相关部门过去被严厉指责为工作不力。如今，他们正面临着来自周边地区和峡谷的前所未有的巨大挑战。

州政府已经实现了关于提供更多先进的消防车、飞机和直升机以对抗火灾的承诺。消防员联盟在过去曾抱怨破旧的设备、陈旧的消防车和数量不足的消防安全蓝图。现如今称赞州政府的允诺行为。

尽管消防资金并未增加，政府却大量削减其他项目的资金以支援消防建设。“我们很高兴现任加利福尼亚州的行政部门非常积极主动地支持我们，同时已经通过了我们渴望已久的关于满足基础设施需求的预算支持方案。”消防员联盟的麦克黑尔先生表示。

除了提供资金以升级需横穿辽阔大州和沿着坑堤的峡谷道路而上的消防车外，州政府还已经投资建设更好的指挥与控制设施和相关策略来运作它们。“早些年在消防上，我们发现其他的地区和州政府愿意提供相互援助，但我们没能和它们做好充分沟通。”该州的火突应急服务和援救部首席官Kim Zagaris说道，“在委员会审查和修改沟通流程后，全州的反应变得更为专业和迅速。”在政府官员和居民中有这样一种共识，即相比以前遇到的特大火灾的时候，来自不同州和地区的消防员的高速运作、奉献和合作正带来更高的效率。

在近几年，加利福尼亚州南部地区已经在建筑规范、疏散程序和新技术的引入上有所改善提高。“我对我们已见证的进步有着深刻的印象，”加利福尼亚州南部的律师兰迪雅克布说道，他曾不得不撤出他的家和生意以逃离森林大火。“尽管由森林大火引起的损失还将持续，但我们不会像过去那样蒙受生命损失，因为火灾预防和消防措施已经到位。”他说道。

Test 4 Passage 2参考译文：

第二种天性

人们的性格不是必然被设定在一种基调上。通过一个小小的实验，一个人就可以重新塑造他的牌气或者点燃激情、乐观、快乐和勇气到他们的日常生活中。

心理学家长期以来持有一种观点，即人们的性格在任何有意义的方式下都不会经受改变，并且人们的主 要性格特点在小时候就已经确定了。但是，研究人员在紧锣密鼓地寻找可以改变的方法。持积极态度的心理学家已经开始认定我们赞赏的24种人类性格特性，例如忠诚、友善。

与此同时，研究人员也在研究为什么对于一些人，这样的品质产生得如此自然。他们在寻找的是为什么这些品质发展成习惯的行为，并且这些行为决定着我们对这个我们如何对世界作出反馈。好消息是，所有这一切都是可以学习的。

有一些品质没有比其他品质更难开发，乐观这个品质就是其中一个。但是，人们想要开发这些品质，要求掌握一系列的技巧，这些技巧五花八门，有时候还让人很吃惊。例如，你如果想为你的生活增加更多的快乐和激情，你必须敞开胸怀对待消极的情绪。培养这样的性格还利于帮助你释放你所有的潜能。

Christopher Peterson, 密西根大学的心理学教授，他认为：这个证据是有效的，就是说大部分的性格都可以转变”，他引用了自己的例子来证实这个观点。他有天生的内向性格，他很早就意识到，作为一名学者，在演讲大厅沉默寡言是灾难性的属性。因此，他开始学习怎样变得亲和，怎样活跃他的课堂。他说:“我现在外向的行为是很自然的。”

在发生了一场终止他运动生涯的意外时，David Fajgenbaum也做过相似的性格转换。

那时他正准备上大学。在大学校园里，他很快发现除了普通的询问，学校里并没有为像他那样正在经受生理恢复和心理沮丧的学生提供服务。

他因此发起了一个提供服务小组去帮助其他的那些和他有着相似境况的人。他对于这样的情况采取了行动，尽管他自己也在经受伤痛，这是一种积极者的反应。

Segerstrom是肯塔基大学的心理学教授，她相信提高乐观情绪的关键是通过培养一个人乐观的行为而不是积极的想法。

她建议人们应该训练自己去关注那些美好的事情并且记录下每天发生的三件美好的事情。这样做有助于自己说服自己让人开心的事情每时每刻都在发生，也更加容易使你采取实际的行动(去做积极的事情)。

你可以通过一个人深深投入到一项工作中意识到一个人是充满激情的。Tanya Streeter的激情就是自由的潜水——这是一种没有其他任何的氧气筒或者其他的呼吸装备的潜水运动。她于1998年(开始这项运动)，她创造了九项世界纪录并且可以在水里憋气六分钟。对于这项运动，生理上的要求相当严格，但是心理上的要求更加可以使人崩溃。Streeter通过判断自己身体和心理可以承受的程度，学习了如何去解除她的恐惧。她说：“作为一个充满竞争意识的自由潜水者，在职业生涯中始终存在一个局限我的事物，但是它不是像我想象的那样无处不在地出现。”

寻找一项可以使人们兴奋的工作会提高任何人的生活质量。尽管南加州大学的心理学家Paul Silvia宣称，人们消耗激情的秘密就在于“他们需要自律，刻苦工作和能力，这就是为什么激情如此有价值”。心理学家Todd Kashdan提供了这类的建议给人们去获取这些新的激情。他说：“作为一个新人，你通常需要去忍受并嘲笑自己的无知。你必须接受那些消极的情绪。”

在20XX年，医学科学家Mauro Zappaterra开始在哈佛大学医学院开展他的博士学位的研究。不幸的是，他相当痛苦，因为他的研究与他所好奇的关于治疗相关疾病的方法不相符合。最终他在Santa Fe 休息了一段时间，在这八个月的时间里，Zappaterra学到一种没有在哈佛学过的可替代的治疗技术。当他回来的时候，他改变了他的实验项目，转而研究脑脊髄液是如何滋养神经系统的发展。他也发誓要在一切事物中，包括失败中，寻找快乐。因为失败可以帮助他了解自己的研究和他自身。

有一种事物可以把我们的快乐追回，这就是人们专注于避免失败，而不是希望可以把一件事情做得好。

Kashdan解释道：“专注让自己处在安全地带可能会阻止你达到你的目标。”例如你是希望在不使自己尴尬的情况下参加一顿应酬?还是在想这段谈话会有多么吸引人?

通常来说，我们认为勇气属于生理上的专有名词，但是普通的生活要求更多。对于市场主管Kenneth pedeleose而言，这意味着要揭露与他的道德价值观背道而驰的行为。一个新上任的经理恐吓员工，Pedeleose明知自己的事业会遭到威胁，仍仔细地录下他每次作恶的片段，并且最终将证据交给高级主管。最终，这个新来的经理就是那个被开除的人。根据一位来自克莱姆森大学的心理学家Cynthia Pury的观 点，Pedeleose的故事证明了一个观点，这个观点就是勇气不是被无畏所激发，而是通过道德责任所激发。Pury还认为人们可以获得勇气。许多她的学生说到，当他们遇到具有冒险性的情况时，他们首先尝试使自己冷静，然后寻找办法缓解遇到的危机，就像Pedeleose所做的通过记录他的行为一样。

通过很长的一段时间，获取一个新的性格特点可能会帮助你成为一个你想要成为的人。在短时间内，它的效果会有让人意想不到的价值，这是一种内心世界的探险之旅。

Test 4 Passage 3参考译文：

进化反向进行

进化不应该反向进行，但是越来越多的例子表示确实可以如此而且进化反向有时候展示着一个物种的未来。

把任何动物当作一种返祖现象的描述是带有争议性的。在一个世纪的大部分时间里，大多数生物学家不愿意用反向进化等这些词，他们铭记着一个进化原则即“进化是不可以反向进行的。”但越来越多的相关例子为人知晓，同时出现了现代遗传学，这些都表明原则正不得不被改写。反向进化不单单变得有可能，它们还有时候在进化的未来发展上扮演着重要的角色。

一个反向进化的术语为“返祖现象”，该词来自拉丁语atavus，意思是“祖先” 。该词有一个不好的含义，这绝大部分得归功于Cesare Lombroso， 他是一位19世纪的意大利军医，他主张犯人是天生的而不是后天养成的，而且犯人可以通过一些身体特征被识别，而这些特征是亚人类特征的再现。

当Lombroso在观测犯人时，一位比利时的古生物学家Louis Dollo正在研究化石记录并得出了相反的结论。在1890年，他提出进化是不可以逆转的：“一个有机体不能够回转到之前它的祖先已经实现了的阶段，哪怕只是一部分。”在20世纪早期，生物学家得出一个相似的结论，即尽管他们认同返祖现象的可能性，并表示没有理由证明为什么进化不能被反向运行，但他们就是认为发生的可能性极小。所以进化的不可逆性这一观点的研究停住了，并被称为“多洛氏法则”。

如果多洛氏法则是正确的，返祖现象就算真的有，应该也很少发生。然而，几乎自这种想法产生起，就已经出现特例了。比如，在1919年，一头座头鲸在加拿大温哥华岛被捕获，它带有一双长达1 米、像脚的附肢，且有着一套完整的肢骨。探险家Roy Chapman Andrews在那时表明这头鲸一定是某种陆地生活的祖先动物的反向进化结果。“我想不到任何其他的解释。”他在1921年写道。

自从那时起，很多其他的例子已被发现，所以进化是不可逆转的这种观点再也无法成立了。这同时产生了一个困惑：消失了几千万年的特征是如何能重新出现的?在1994年，美国印第安纳大学的Rudolf Raff和他的同事决定采用遗传学研究使得进化逆转增加一定的可能性。他们论证到一些进化过程中因包含了基因丢失的情况而无法逆转，而另一些进化过程或是因为基因的闭合。如果这些休眠基因以某种方式再次激活，他们表示，生物长时间丢失的特征可以重现。

Raff的团队继续计算进化逆转发生的可能性。休眠基因随机突变次数增加，他们推理到，这最终会导致休眼基因失效。那么，如果一个基因长期不被使用，它能在一个物种中存活多长时间呢?该团队计算出休眠基因很可能存在于一个物种的某些个体中，可存活高达六百万年，甚至有的可以存活一千万年。换句话说，进化逆转是可能的，但这仅相对于较近期的进化史而言。

作为一个可能成为例证的事件，团队列举了墨西哥和加利福尼亚的鼹钝口螈。像大多数的两栖类动物一样，这种生物以幼小的蝌蚪状开始他们的生命，然后变形成成年的状态——除了其中一个种类，蝾螈，它们通常会以它的幼年形态一直生活下去。最简单的解释就是蝾螈血统一直丧失了变形的能力，但是其他种类还保持着这样的能力。然而，从对鼹钝口螈的血缘谱的详细分析来说，这是一个明显的事实，其他血统的鼹钝口螈都是从一个本身已经失去变形能力的祖先那里进化而来的。换句话说，变形在鼹钝口螈之中就是一种返祖现象。鼹钝口螈的例子与Raff的100万年的学说框架相符合。

然而，已知的更近的报道说明这个时间界限被打破，它指出了休眠基因不完全是全部的解释。在去年发表的一篇文幸中，耶鲁大学的生物学家Gunter Wagner汇报了一些关于南美蜥蜴Bachia进化史研究的工作。

它们中的一些拥有非常小的肢节;有一些看起来更像蛇而非蜥蜴;有一些完全失去了后肢的趾头。然而，其他的种类则彰显出了后肢的四个趾头。最简单的解释就是这些有趾的蜥蜴品种从没有失去过趾头，但Wagner并不认同。根据他对Bachia的族谱的区别，有趾的物种从它们无趾的祖先进化而成，更有甚者，脚趾的消失和产生在过去的数百万年间发生过不止一次。

因此，到底发生了什么?其中一个可能性就是这三种特性只是失去了，之后又简单地重现。这就像相似的结构可以独立地产生在没有血缘关系的物种中，就像鲨鱼和杀人鲸的背部的鳍一样。另一种更加有吸引力的可能性是那些用来生长趾头的基因信息在蜥蜴上存活了几百或者是几千万年，并且这种基因信息被重新激活了。这些返祖性的特征提供了一种优势，这种优势适用于所有物种，能有效地进行进化逆转。

但是，如果休眠基因在60万到100万年内退化，这种长时间消失的特性是怎样在这么长的时间范围内被重新激活的?这个答案也许在子宫里面可以被找到。

许多物种早期的胚胎形成了祖先的特性。例如蛇的胚胎萌发出后肢的肢芽。这些特性在后期发展中由于某些进化模式而消失了，该程式可能导致“腿部消失”。如果因为任何原因这些事情没有发生，祖先的种.种特性也许就不会消失，从而导致返祖现象。

雅思阅读答案解析 第7篇

Passage 1

参考译文

Lost for words

Many minority languages are on the danger list

语言的消失

——许多少数民族语言濒临灭绝

In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is Most of its speakers are middle-aged or Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’

对于居住在美国西南部四州的那瓦霍人来讲，他们的语言正在遭遇灭顶之灾。大多数说那瓦霍语的人要么是中年人，要么就是垂垂老者。尽管有许多学生都在学习该门语言，可是学校却是用英文授课的。路牌、超市商品说明、甚至报纸全部是英文的。因此语言学家怀疑在百年之后还会不会有人会说这门语言也就不足为奇了。

Navajo is far from Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations — that’s one language lost every ten Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a ‘At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’ says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to ’

那瓦霍语决不是惟一会有此厄运的语言。再经历两代人的时间，全球6,800种语言当中的半数就有可能从世界上彻底消失——这就相当于平均每十天就有一种语言消失。地球上语言的多样性从未以如此惊人的速度降低过。“现在，我们面临的将是两三种语言支配整个世界。”雷丁大学的进化生物学家Marl Pagel说，“这就是(语言的)大规模灭绝，而且我们很难知道能否从这种语言灭绝当中恢复过来。”

Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2, It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they If it is spoken by children it is relatively The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in

封闭产生了语言的多样性。结果整个世界就布满了只有几个人说的语言。只有250种语言拥有超过100万的使用者，而至少有3,000种语言使用者不足2,500人。那些行将消失的小语种并非命该如此。尽管仍有15万人在使用那瓦霍语，但这种语言还是上了濒危名单。判断一种语言是否濒危的标准不是使用者的数量，而是使用者的年龄。如果一种语言是孩子们在使用，就会相对安全些。用费尔班克斯Alassk语言中心的主任Micheal Krauss的话说就是，真正面临灭绝之灾的是那些只有老年人才懂得说的语言。

Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in ‘People lose faith in their culture,’ he ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old ’

可人们为什么拒绝说他们父母的语言呢?这一切都始于一场信任危机。BATH英国濒危语言基金会成员Nicholas Ostler说：“当一个小规模社会发现自己与一个大规模，更富有的社会并肩而存的时候，其成员就会对自己的文化丧失信心。当这个社会的下一代进人青春期的时候，他们很可能不会接受(包括语言在内的)传统事物。”

The change is not always Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’ he ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in ’ But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to

这种转变往往不是自发的。为了加强国家凝聚力，政府通常会通过在公共场合禁用，以及在学校中不提倡使用的方法，消灭少数民族语言。例如，以前美国政府在印地安保留地学校推行英语授课政策，这事实上就是将那瓦霍语等少数语言推上了濒危名单。但是芝加哥大学语言学系系主任Salikoko Mufwene认为，最致命的原因并不是政府政策，而是经济的全球化。他说，“美国印地安人并没有失去对他们自己语言的信心，但是他们不得不去适应社会经济压力。如果大多数生意都是用英语来谈的，他们就不能拒绝说英语，但是，濒危语言就真的值得去挽救吗?至少，对于语言及其进化研究来讲，(不去挽救)就会导致资料的缺失，因为该研究正是基于对现存的和过去的语言的比较而进行的。当一门既无文字记录也无录音考证的语言消失时，对于科学(研究)来讲，它也就不存在了。

Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’ says There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our ’

语言与文化也有千丝万缕的联系，因此要想单纯保存语言而不保留文化是非常困难的。“如果一个本来说那瓦霍语的人现在要改说英语，那么他准得失去点东西。”Mufwene说道，Pagel也评价道，“而且，语言多样性的丧失也使我们无法以多种方式来看待这个世界。”越来越多的证据表明，学习一门语言可以为大脑带来生理上的变化。“比如说，你我的大脑与说法语人的大脑就十分不同，”Page说，这是会影响我们的思维和看法的。“我们针对不同的概念建立了不同的模式和联系，这很可能就是由我们社会的语言习惯构筑而成的。”

So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming ‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few In California, ‘apprentice’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the next But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’ he

所以，尽管语言学家已经竭尽全力，但是许多语言到了下个世纪还是会消失。但是，一种对文化认同感越来越多的关注，也许会阻止最骇人的预言成为现实。“保持语言多样性的关键在于，让人们接受主流语言的同时，也去学习他们祖先的语言。”康那狄格州纽黑文市濒危语言基金会**Doug Whalen说道，“如果不实行双语制度，大多数濒危语言都无法生存下去。”在新西兰，为孩子们开设的课程明显减轻了毛利语所受的损害，并且重新燃起了人们对该语言的兴趣。在夏威夷，一种相似的方式使波利尼西亚语的使用者在过去数年中增长了8,000人。在加利福尼亚州，“学徒”计划使得数种土著语言得以生存。“学徒”志愿者与某种印地安语的最后一些使用者中的一位组成小组，学习如编织篮子这样的传统工艺，当然交流全部都是用印地安语。通常，经过300个小时的训练后，他们就可以流利地说了，其流利程度足以将这种语言传给他们的子女。但是Mufwene指出，避免语言消失并不等同于通过每天的使用赋予其新的生命。他指出，“保存语言更像用罐子保存水果。”

However, preservation can bring a language back from the There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed

然而，通过保存的确可以使一门语言起死回生。已经有例子表明，有些语言通过文字记录被保存了下来，而且还在后代中得以复兴。当然，文字记录是这其中的关键。因此，单单是这种语言复兴的可能性，就使得很多说濒危语言的人试图去创造本来并不存在的文字系统。

Passage 2

参考译文

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIA

澳大利亚的另类疗法

The first students to study alternative medicine at university level in Australia began their four-year, full-time course at the University of Technology, Sydney, in early Their course covered, among other therapies, The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can regulate the flow of ‘Qi’ or energy through pathways in the This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical

1994年初，澳大利亚第一批另类疗法学生在悉尼科技大学开始了他们为期四年的全职课程。除了学习其他一些疗法之外，他们的课程还包括针灸术，他们所学的理论基于中国古代对这门古老疗法的解释：那就是针灸可以调节“气”或能量在人体神经系统中的流通。这门课程足以反映另类疗法在争取医疗机构认同的斗争中所取得的成果。

Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of ‘We’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into ’ In many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’ for In Europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal In Germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically

由于对自然或另类疗法所采取的极端保守态度，澳大利亚在西方国家中独树一帜。悉尼大学公共健康系博士Paul Laver评价道：“我们有个传统，医生是相当权威的，我猜他们很不愿意让那些觊觎他们位置的冒牌货得逞。”在其他许多工业国家里，正统医生和另类医师早已亲密无间地合作多年了。在欧洲，只有正统医生才可以开草药。在德国，草药占了药品销售额的10%。1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师的次数比去看传统医生的次数还多，而每年，他们花在未经科学测试的疗法上的钱竟髙达约120亿美元。

Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 In a 1983 national health survey, % of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the By 1990, this figure had risen to % of the The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in ‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they ‘The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a ’

在过去20年中，由于人们对传统医疗不再迷信，另类疗法在澳大利亚慢慢流行起来。在1983年进行的全国健康调査中，有%的人说此前两周内曾经去看过按摩师、理疗家、整骨医师、针灸医生或草药医生。到了1990年，这个数字已经攀升到澳大利亚人口的%。根据Laver博士和他的同事们刊登在1993年《澳大利亚公共健康期刊》上的报道：在1990年调査中，另类疗法医生进行了55万次诊断，这个数字几乎占了调查中所有医疗诊断的八分之一。“总体而言，受过良好教育又不那么轻信的民众已经对专家失望了，而且对科学和经验主义知识已经越来越怀疑了，”博士们说，“结果，包括医生在内的专业人士的崇高地位也就大打折扣。”

Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and Part of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver ‘The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar ’

越来越多的澳大利亚医生，特别是那些年轻一些的医师，非但没有抵制或是批判这样一个潮流，反而开始与另类疗法医师联合开业，或是干脆自己去学习相关课程，尤其是针灸和草药医学。Laver博士说，部分动机当然是出于经济考虑。“关键在于大多数全科医生都是商人。如果他们看到潜在的客户去别处看病，他们就想也要能提供类似的服务。”

In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’ practices in These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little They commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the An increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’ inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative Patrick Store, President of the Royal College of General Practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patients on preventative health from alternative

1993年，Laver博士和他的同事们发表了一项调查报告，报告包括289名曾到8家另类疗法诊所寻求治疗的悉尼市民。这些诊所共有25名另类治疗师，提供相当广泛的另类疗法。接受调查的人都患有慢性疾病，正统疗法治疗对这些疾病的效果微乎其微。病人们评价说他们喜欢另类疗法医师所采取的全面的治疗手段，也喜欢那里友善热情、细致入微的关怀。这次调査揭示了正统医生的冷漠态度。病人从诊所中大批离去，加上其他一些相关的全国性调查的结果，矛头直指正统医生的不足之处，这就使得他们开始承认应该学习一下另类疗法医师的亲切态度。就连皇家医学院的Patrik Stone博士也赞同说，正统医生应该多学习另类疗法医师对待病人的态度，还有他们给病人的预防建议。

According to the Australian Journal of Public Health, 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints; 12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional Those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health

根据《澳大利亚公共健康期刊》，18%的病人因为得了肌肉骨骼方面的疾病而去看另类医师;12%的人则是因为消化系统疾病，这个数字只比因为感情问题而去就医的人多1个百分点。呼吸系统疾病患者和假丝酵母过敏者各占7%。头疼就医者和整体感觉身体不适而就医者分别占到了6%和5%，还有4%的人看医生只是为了保持身体健康。

The survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than alternative Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the

这项调查表明，与另类疗法这个字眼相比，互补疗法是个更为合适的称呼。前者听起来仿佛是正统疗法的附庸，一种只有当你对传统疗法的无能为力失望后，才会去追寻的东西。

Passage 3

参考译文

PLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS

Does play help develop bigger, better brains? Bryant Furlow investigates

玩耍是件严肃的事

玩耍能否帮助大脑发育得更大更好?Bryant Furlow就此展开了调査。

A Playing is a serious Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than For a start, play can even cost animals their Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators It is also extremely expensive in terms of Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per ‘Even two or three per cent is huge,’ says John Byers of Idaho ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’ he There must be a

A玩耍是件严肃的事。孩子们沉溺在假想的世界中，狐狸幼崽儿嬉戏打闹，小猫玩线球，这些行为都不只是取乐而已。看上去玩耍是成人世界的辛苦工作到来之前，无忧无虑、精力充沛的消磨时光的方式，其实远非如此。首先，玩耍可能使动物们送命。比如，百分之八十的小海狗死亡都是因为玩耍中的小海狗没能看到接近的捕食者。玩耍也是相当消耗精力的。顽皮的小动物要花上百分之二三的精力来嬉戏打闹，而对于儿童而言，这个数字可以高达百分之十五。“就算只有百分之二三也是个不小的数目了。”Idaho大学的John Byers说道，“你很难发现动物们如此消耗精力。”Byers补充说。总有一定的原因使他们这么做。

B But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big In other words, playing makes you Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also Animals at play often use unique signs — tail-wagging in dogs, for example — to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory Both these ideas have been questioned in recent

B但是，如果玩耍不像生物学家们过去认为的那样，只是发育过程中的小插曲的话，那么到底是什么促使了玩耍的发展呢?最新的观点认为玩耍可以促进大脑的发育。换句话说，玩耍使你变得聪明。尽管一些脑子比较大的鸟类也沉溺其中，但玩耍好像还是只在哺乳动物中普遍存在。玩耍中的动物会用一些独特的标志——比如狗摇尾巴来表明这种简单模仿大动物行为的举动并不是玩真的。一种有关玩耍的普遍观点说，玩耍能帮助小动物发展成年之后捕猎、交配以及社交所需要的技能。另一个理论认为，通过增强小动物的呼吸耐力，玩耍可以帮助他们在体力上更适应成年生活。但是这两个理论近年来都遭到了置疑。

C Take the exercise If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by ‘If the function of play was to get into shape,’ says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do But it doesn’t work like ’ Across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then

C就拿锻炼理论来说吧。如果玩耍是为了增强肌肉，或是进行某种耐力训练，那么我们应该能够看到一些终生的效果。但是Byers指出，训练一结束，由增强训练所带来的好处就随之迅速消失了，所以，任何通过小时候的玩耍增强的耐力到了成年阶段就会消失殆尽了。“如果玩耍的作用就是使身体健康的话，”Byers说道，“那么玩耍的最佳时间就应该是对于某种小动物(身体发展)最有利的时间，但是，实际情况并非如此。”无论什么种群的动物，玩耍都倾向于在哺乳期的中期达到顶峰，然后则开始走下坡路。

D Then there’s the skills-training At first glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in But a closer inspection reveals this interpretation as too In one study, behavioural ecologist Tim Caro, from the University of California, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later

D接着，我们又有了技能训练假说。乍看上去，玩耍的小动物好像是在练习那些成年时必须的复杂动作。但是，更为仔细的观察表明，这种解释把问题简单化了。在某项研究中，California大学的行为生态学家Tim Caro观察了小猫的捕食游戏以及它们成年之后的捕猎行为。他发现，小猫玩耍的方式对成年后的捕猎技能并没有太大的影响。

E Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada, reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammal, he and his team found larger brains (for a given body size) are linked to greater The converse was also found to be Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains, they require more play to help mould them for ‘I concluded it’s to do with learning, and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,’ he

E今年早些时候，加拿大Lethbridge大学的Sergio Pellis公布说，哺乳动物的玩耍与他们大脑的大小往往成正比。在比较了十五种哺乳动物的测量数据之后，Sergio和他的研究小组发现，更多的玩耍会造就大一些的脑子(与身体大小比较而言)，而且这个理论反过来也成立。Durham大学的Robert Barton认为，由于大一座的脑子比小一些的脑子对发育刺激更敏感，因此它们需要更多的玩耍来促进它们发育至成年期。他说：“我的结论是，玩耍与学习有关，也与大脑发育过程中环境资料的重要性有关。”

F According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what’s going If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’ — a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in Think of the relative ease with which young children — but not infants or adults — absorb Other researchers have found that play in cats, rats and mice is at its most intense just as this ‘window of opportunity’ reaches its

F根据Byers的理论，对于小动物而言，玩耍期的时机对未来的发展至关重要。如果你用图表来表明在发育期间，小动物每天用于玩耍的时间的话，就会发现一种一般与“敏感期”相关联的模式。所谓“敏感期”指的是发育过程中一个短暂的阶段，在这一阶段中，大脑会获得此前和此后都不可能获得的改变。想想孩子们在学习语言时那种婴儿们和大人们都无法做到的得心应手吧。其他学者也发现，猫、田鼠和家鼠最爱玩耍的时期恰好是这扇“机会之窗”达到峰值的时候。

G ‘People have not paid enough attention to the amount of the brain activated by play,’ says Marc Bekoff from Colorado Bekoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain, he Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between ‘They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts — predation, aggression, reproduction,’ he ‘Their developing brain is getting all sorts of ’

G“人们没有充分注意到玩耍激活了大脑多少部件。”Colorado大学的Marc Bekoff说。Becoff研究了玩要的小土狼，发现其中所涉及的行为显然比成年土狼的花样更多，更不可预测。他推断，这样的行为能激活大脑许多不同的部分。由于动物们在玩耍时行为总是迅速地变换，Becoff将玩耍比喻为一个行为万花筒。“他们会做出不同环境所需要的动作——捕猎，进攻，繁殖等，而他们正在发育的大脑获得了各种各样的刺激。”

H Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher cognitive ‘There’s enormous cognitive involvement in play,’ says He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioural flexibility and improved potential for learning later in The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain’s levels of a particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve He was surprised by the extent of the ‘Play just lights everything up,’ he By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance

H大脑不仅比猜想中更多地参与玩耍，而且好像还能够激活更髙级的认知过程。“玩耍中有很多的认知成分。”Becoff指出。玩耍通常包括对玩伴的评估，互相依存的观念，以及恃殊标志及规则的使用。他认为玩耍会创造一个更具行为灵活性，在今后生活中更多学习潜力的大脑。这一观点得到了Gettysburg学院Stephen Siviy研究结果的支持。Siviy认为玩耍能够影响大脑中一种特殊化学物质的分泌，这种物质会刺激神经细胞生长。他被这种刺激可能达到的程度吓了一跳。“玩耍使一切都变得活泼起来。”通过使大脑中不常交流的部分产生联系，玩耍也许会提髙创造力。

I What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in many societies today? We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated, play is likely to get even less of a Who knows what the result of that will be?

I进一步的实验又会对如今许多社会中，孩子们被养育的方式有何影响呢?我们已经知道，没有机会玩耍的小老鼠，大脑各部分发育得比较小，同时也不具备运用社会规则与其他小老鼠交流的能力。在上学年龄越来越早，学校教育越来越应试化的今天，大家对玩耍的作用不屑一顾。谁会知道这样做会带来什么样的影响呢?

雅思阅读答案解析 第8篇

Question 1

答案：
ii

关键词：people power exercise

定位原文: A段第1句“In fact…”

解题思路：“The more democratic the process, the more public transport is ”就是暗示人民成功地履行了权利。

Question 2

答案：
vii

关键词：
increase travelling time

定位原文: B段最后1句“However…”

解题思路: 最后一句中的However是完成此题的关键。本段首句提到通勤时间在过去至少六百年中都维持不变，很有误导作用，但是接下来的However又引出 massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher, commuting 对应heading中的travelling。

故正确答案是vii。

Question 3

答案：
iv

关键词：higher incomes not more cars

定位原文: C段前两句“There is…”

解题思路: 第2句的refutes that 表示否定了第1句的观点，因此只有iv符合。

Question 4

答案：
i

关键词: avoid overcrowded centre

定位原文: D段最后1句“Instead…”

解题思路: instead是一个转折连接词，后面的观点与前者刚好相反。上一句说 pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach，刚好证明我们应该避免造成一个过度拥挤的市中心。

Question 5

答案：
iii

关键词：working together

定位原文: E段第3句“The explanation…”

解题思路: 定位句强调了人们在相关的领域一起工作非常重要，iii对应这个自然段内容。

Question 6

答案：
FALSE

关键词：ISTP study

定位原文: 第1段第2、3句“The study compared…”

解题思路: 原文说的是thirty-seven cities around the worlds，与题干表述相互抵触。

Question 7

答案：
TRUE

关键词：
efficient / improve the quality

定位原文: 第2段最后1句“ more efficient cities…”

解题思路: “创造出更好的居住环境”就是“改善了居民的居住环境”。

Question 8

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：inner-city/ tram network/ dangerous/ car drivers

定位原文: 第3段第3句“Melbourne’s large…”

解题思路: 谈到有轨电车系统使汽车的使用率降低了许多，但并未谈及私家车驾驶者。

Question 9

答案：FALSE

关键词：
Melbourne/ outer suburbs

定位原文: 第3段最后1句“The explosion…”

解题思路: as to =concerning 就……方面;关于。这句话正说明人们喜欢住在近郊而非远郊。

Question 10

答案：
TRUE

关键词：
bicycle/ public transport

定位原文: 第5段的唯一一句话“Bicycle use…”

解题思路: averagely good与 reasonable but not special是同义表达。

Question 11

答案: F

关键词：Perth

定位原文: 第2段第1句和第4句

解题思路: 第二段第一句说Perth有minimal public transport，即相当于题干中的limited public transport system，下面又说Perth之外的一些城市是more efficient cities，所以正确答案为F。

Question 12

答案：
D

关键词：Auckland

定位原文: 第7段第2句

解题思路: 提到 it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network，所以 Auckland 当然是hilly，既然“难以建立很好的轨道系统”，当然是不适合建这样的系统了。正确答案是D。

Question 13

答案：C

关键词：Portland

定位原文: A段的倒数第3句“The rail proposal…”

解题思路: 轨道运行良好肯定是盈利的。正确答案是C。

Test 2 Passage 2

Question 14

答案：B

关键词：proportion/people over 65/age-related medical problems

定位原文: 第2段第2句“ troubling a smaller proportion…”

解题思路: smaller 和falling 是隐晦的同义表达，B选项符合题意。

Question 15

答案：I

关键词：speed

定位原文: 第2段倒数第2句“the rate at which these diseases…”

解题思路: rate与speed是同义表达，可知正确答案是I。

Question 16

答案：F

关键词：past

定位原文: 第3段第2句“He says…”

解题思路: 第3段中提到the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-oId in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75，第二段提到数据是1994年采集的，所以1982代表了the past，疾病由65岁推迟到70或者75 岁才发作，显然是later。

Question 17

答案：M

关键词：due to developments

定位原文: 第4段第1句“…certain diseases are beating…”

解题思路: 第四段开头提到certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances，表明有些疾病是被医药进步打败的。advances和developments属于同义表达，medical和medicine是同源词。

Question 18

答案：J

关键词：improved

定位原文: 第4段第2、3句“…there may be other contributing Improvements…”

解题思路: 这个题找到定位句，没有什么难度，选择J。

Question 19

答案：N

关键词：other illnesses

定位原文: 第5段第2、3句“… poorer air quality/ worse and worse pollution…”

解题思路: 第五段提到An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air 和 exposed to worse and worse pollution, changes in personal habits与 changing smoking habits相对应。所以原文提供的另一因素poorer air quality就是与答案相关的内容。正确答案是N。

Question 20

答案：
K

关键词：link/life expectancy

定位原文: 第6段第1句“One interesting…”

解题思路: 第6段第1句中的correlation和live longer分别对应题干中的link和life expectancy，所以原文的better-educated就是答案的原形，被选项中只有K项的education与此相符。正确答案是K。

Question 21

答案：
G

关键词：considerable /reduction

定位原文: 第7段第3句“That represents…”

解题思路: considerable与significant、reduction与 drop分别为近义词，再根据第七段中a significant drop in the number of disabled old people，答案应为disabled。正确答案是G。

Question 22

答案：A

关键词：less/predicted

定位原文: 第7段最后一句“… less of a financial burden…”

解题思路: predicted与expected为同义表达，只需找 financial burden的同义表达就可以。正确答案是A。

Question 23

答案：G

关键词：home medical aids

定位原文: 第8段第1句“The increasing…”

解题思路: 许多老年人自理能力的增强可能与简易家庭医疗辅助用品的广泛使用有关。题干是将这句话反过来问简易家庭医疗辅助用品有什么作用，self-reliance与independent表达同样含义，所以选G。

Question 24

答案：
E

关键词：regular amounts of exercise

定位原文: 第9段第1句“…daily physical activity…”

解题思路: exercise 与physical activity 属于同义表达，regular与daily 属于同义表达，所以选E。

Question 25

答案：H

关键词：feelings of control over life

定位原文: 第10段倒数第2句“…felt in control of their lives…”

解题思路: 根据第10段中 challenging activities和 those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormone, challenging activities 与 difficult situations 属于同义表达，lower levels of stress hormones自然压力就小。正确答案是H。

Question 26

答案：C

关键词：
feelings of loneliness

定位原文: 第11段第2句“…emotionally isolated…”

解题思路: feelings of loneliness 与emotionally isolated 属于同义表达，所以选C。

Test 2 Passage 3

Question 27

答案: B

关键词：developed/system of numbering

定位原文: 第2段倒数第2句“As they began to settle…”

解题思路: sophisticated和number system分别与题干 developed和system of numbering属于同义表达，因此只要找出与grow plants and herd animals的同义表达项就可以，显然farming可以代替。因此正确答案为B。

Question 28

答案：
E

关键词：hand signal

定位原文: 第3段第3句“But in real situations…”

解题思路: 定位句之前所举的具体例子中表示数字的词有限，即题干E表达的the range of number words was restricted，gestures又与hand signal互为近义词。所以正确答案是E。

Question 29

答案：
A

关键词：
seventh-century Europe / count to a certain number

定位原文: 第4段中最后两句“The average person…”

解题思路: count to nine与count to a certain number属于同义表达，a witness in a court of law与题干A的fulfill a civic role属于同义表达。正确答案是A。

Question 30

答案：
C

关键词：
concept/ physical objects

定位原文: 第5段第1句“Perhaps…”;最后一句“ there, to arithmetic”

解题思路: 题干中 concepts 和 physical objects 分别与 abstract idea 和 particular objects互为近义词。正确答案是C。

Question 31

答案：
G

关键词：
class of item

定位原文: 第6段第1、2句“Traces of…”

解题思路: 根据第6段开头the very first stages和第二句中the class of the item得出正确答案是G。

Question 32

答案：TRUE

关键词：the earliest tribes

定位原文: 第2段第3句“ considerations would have…”

解题思路: 他们会更多地考虑“够了吗?”而不是“有多少?Sufficiency与 quantity 分别和Is this enough 与How many为同义转换关系。

Question 33

答案：FALSE

关键词：Tasmanians

定位原文: 第3段第2句“The indigenous peoples…”

解题思路: 只有三个词而不是四个。

Question 34

答案：
TRUE

关键词：peoples with simple number systems

定位原文: 第3段第3句“But in real situations…”

解题思路: accompanied by gesture to help resolve any confusion 与题干use body language to prevent…属于同义表达。

Question 35

答案：
FALSE

关键词：large numbers

定位原文: 第4段第1句“The lack of…”

解题思路: 一些文化缺少处理较大数字的能力，这并不令人惊讶。

这个意思与题干全然想矛盾。

Question 36

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：Anglo-Saxon

定位原文: 第4段第4句“ By the seventh…”

解题思路: 到公元7世纪，“teon” 一词变得可以与盎格鲁一撒克逊语中的词语文中对应点“tachund”或“hund”相互交换，因此100可表示为“hund teontig”或者“十乘十”。并没有提到“千”。

Question 37

答案：TRUE

关键词：seventh-century Europe

定位原文: 第4段最后两句“The average person…”

解题思路: 数到9就可以作证人，足见计数能力之差。

Question 38

答案：FALSE

关键词：Tsimshian language

定位原文: 第6段第2句“The numeration…”

解题思路: 题干意思与原文相驳斥。这个题比较容易判断。

Question 39

答案：TRUE

关键词: Tsimshian language

定位原文: 第6段倒数第2句“It seems that…”

解题思路: 看起来最后一组词语是后来发展的，而前六组则带有古代计数方法的痕迹。所以题目说的有新旧两套计数系统是正确的。

Question 40

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：early peoples / fingers / pebbles

定位原文: 第7段第2句“Counting is not directly…”

解题思路: 计算与数字概念的形成并非直接相关，因为我们完全有可能将被计数的物品用一堆石子、一把谷粒或者计数者的手指代替来进行计算。没有提到二者简易度的比较。

雅思阅读答案解析 第9篇

Passage1

参考译文

Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth

流浪儿童的小型企业贷款

‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and ’

Doreen Soko

“我来自一个贫困的大家庭。我们已经很多年没吃过早餐了。自从加人了国际流浪儿童组织，早饭我们就吃得起糖和面包了。我还给自己买了体面的二手服装和二手鞋子。”

DOREEN SOKO

‘We’ve had business Now I’m confident to expand what we’ve been I’ve learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for Now business is a part of our As well, we didn’t know each other before — now we’ve made new ’

Fan Kaoma

“我们有经商的经验。现在我非常有信心扩大我的生意。我学过现金管理以及节省开支的方法，所以现在存了些钱进行再投资。生意已经成了我生活的一部分。还有，以前我们素不相识——现在，我们已经交到了很多新朋友。”

FAN KAOMA

Participants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, Zambia

赞比亚青年创业计划的参与人

Introduction

Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult

简介

尽管在世界范围内，小型企业培训及贷款计划已经越来越普遍，然而相对而言，很少有人注意到年轻人也需要获得这样的机会。更少的人会去留意那些无家可归或家境贫困的孩子。

Over the past nine years, Street Kids International () has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons and our partners have

在过去的九年里，国际流浪儿童组织已经与非洲、拉丁美洲以及印度的伙伴组织进行合作，来改善流浪儿童的经济状况。此文的目的主要是为了和大家分享一下他们所总结的经验教训。

Background

Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and

背景

通常来讲，儿童流离失所并非由某个原因造成，而是若干因素综合所致：比如缺乏拥有足够资金的学校，家里等着用钱，父母离异以及家庭暴力等。对于孩子来讲，街道可能是个令人着迷的地方，充满了冒险游戏和赚钱机会。然而，由于缺乏或根本没有保护，有些孩子在那里遭到剥削，遭遇暴力事件甚至虐待。

Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic

在街头工作的孩子们通常都是从事一些无需技术但工作时间超长的劳动力密集型工作，比如擦鞋，搬运货物、门童或冼车，以及不正规交易。有些孩子甚至通过乞讨或干盗窃等非法勾当来赚钱。同时，也有些流浪儿童以能够养活自己和家人而自豪，而且他们很喜欢所做的工作。许多孩子会选择做生意是因为那可以使他们相对独立一些，而且做生意也比做其他许多有偿工作要少受一些压榨;生意的灵活性还使他们有时间去参与其他活动，比如上学或是做家务。

Street Business Partnerships

流浪儿童就业互助计划

has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn

国际流浪儿童组织与拉丁美洲、非洲及印度的伙伴组织合作，开发了让流浪儿童赚钱的新机会。

? The Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their A similar program was taken up in Bangalore,

?国际流浪儿童组织速递服务首先在苏丹展开。这项计划为参与者提供自行车用以递送包裹或信件，买自行车的钱会从参与者的工资中一点一点扣除。在印度的班加罗尔，一项类似的计划也已经展开。

? Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the in the Dominican In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings

?在多米尼加共和国，一项与__女青年会合作，名为擦鞋合作社的计划也已经成功展开。这项计划借钱给参与者购买擦鞋箱，还给他们提供一个安全的地方来放置擦鞋工具，同时还提供了供他们存钱的设备。

? The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to

?赞比亚的青年创业计划是与红十字协会以及__女青年会合办的项自。通过商务培训、生存技能训练以及提供贷款机会等方式，该项目的参与者得以开办自己的小生意。

Lessons learned

The following lessons have emerged from the programs that and partner organisations have

经验教训

在国际流浪儿童组织的计划实施过程中，出现了下列教训：

? Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation’s programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been

?不是每个人都是做生意的料，流浪儿童也一样。理想状态下，孩子们至少应该参与计划六个月以上，这样双方之间可以建立起信任关系。

? The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce

?参与者的投入对于建立相关计划十分重要。如果孩子们在制定规程过程中起到关键作用，他们就更可能去遵守并执行这些规定。

? It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life

?关键是所有的贷款都要与培训计划眹系起来，培训计划应该包括基本商业技能及生存技能的开发。

? There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual’s

?如果条件允许的话，容许家长或监护人参与计划是十分有好处的。家访使工作人员有机会知晓孩子们的住址，并且可以更好地了解每个人所处的环境。

? Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan The loan amounts in programs have generally ranged from

?开始的时候应该给孩子们提供一些小额贷款，以便他们购买如自行车、擦鞋设备以及市场摊位的原材料等固定资产。当从业者有了经验之后，就可以考虑扩大生意规模，并且考虑提髙贷款金额。国际流浪儿童组织计划中的贷款额度通常在30到100美元不等。

? All programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).

?国际流浪儿童组织所有的计划都会对贷款收取利息。这样做的主要目的是使贷款人习惯为借来的钱支付利息。通常来讲，这种利息都很低(一般低于银行利率)。

Conclusion

There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive

结论

我们需要认识到，为贫困的年轻人提供贷款以满足他们的经济需求是十分重要的。通过提供小额贷款，实现年轻人的经商梦，是帮助他们改变人生的有效途径。然而，我们认为贷款必须与其他形式的援助一起开展，才能帮助年轻人在生意兴隆的同时，发展出其他关键的生存技巧。

Passage2

参考译文

Volcanoes-earth-shattering news

When Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the

火山——惊天动地大消息

1991年6月9日，Pinatubo火山突然爆发，结果，有关过去和现在火山爆发威力的文：
章再度登上了报纸的头版。

A Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent

A火山就是终极“移山倒海”的机器。一次猛烈的喷发可以把一座山的山头轰掉几千米，将细灰几乎洒遍全世界，把岩石碎片抛进平流层，遮蔽整个大洲的天空。

But the classic eruption — cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava — is only a tiny part of a global Volcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the The entire ocean floor has a basement of volcanic

然而，这种典型的喷发——锥形山体，轰隆巨响，蘑菇云升起，熔岩喷涌——只是长篇故事中的一小章。火山作用，这个由火山活动而来的名词，的确塑造了我们的世界。火山喷发撕裂大陆，举起山脉，构筑岛屿，最终造就了整个世界地形。五大洋的海底基岩就是火山喷发形成的玄武岩。

Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and There are now about 600 active Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million That is enough rock to explain the continental

火山不仅造就了大陆，也许还造就了地球上第一个稳定的大气层，并且为大洋、河流以及冰川提供了水资源。现在全球有600多座活火山。这些火山每年都要为地球增加两、三立方公里的岩石。想像一下，过去3,500年中这600多座火山一直在喷发，这些岩石就足够解释地壳是如何形成的了。

What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world’s We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we

从火山口喷发出来的主要是气体。其中有90%是来自地心深处的水蒸气：火山一连喷发了3,500年，这就足够解释大洋中的水是从哪里来的了。其余气体有氮气、二氧化碳、二氧化硫、甲烷、氨气以及氢气。同样经过了3,500年的积累，这些气体的量就足以解释大气层之“大”了。我们能活着，正是因为火山提供了我们需要的土壤、空气和水。

B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack — like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much

B地质学家认为地球有一个熔化的核心，周围是半熔化的地幔，外边是一层脆脆的外皮。想像一个半熟的鸡蛋会有些帮助——流淌的蛋黄，坚实但又黏稠的蛋清，还有一层坚硬的蛋壳。在煮的时候，蛋壳只要有一点点开裂，蛋淸就会噗噗地冒出来，在裂缝周围形成一座小小的山脉——就像夏威夷群岛那样的火山群岛。只是地球大得多，里面的地幔也烫得多。

Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‘flow’ like thick The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes And, very often,

尽管在上层压力下地幔是固态的，但是它们仍然可以像蜜糖一样“流淌”。这种流动据信是以对流形式进行的，力量足以使地壳这“蛋壳”破裂成板块，并且使这些板块互相碰撞摩擦，甚至使它们以一年数厘米的速度互相重叠。这些破碎的地方正是碰撞发生的地方，也是地震发生之处，通常也是火山出现的地方。

C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more

C这些区域正是脆质带，也就是地震多发区。每次喷发都不尽相同，但是简而言之，在脆弱的地方，地幔深处的岩石被加热到1,350摄氏度，并开始膨胀上升。当地幔变化的时候，压力就会减小，因此地幔就开始膨胀并变成液体，然后迅速上涨。

Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma — molten rock from the mantle — inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian’s Wall in northern England). Sometimes — as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa — the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping

有时候喷发很慢：岩浆——地幔中熔化的岩石——的巨大气泡慢慢接近地表，慢慢变冷，最后作为花岗岩突起显露出来。(在斯凯岛和大玄武岩山，熔岩堤坝像牙膏一样挤出来，延伸成为英格兰北部哈德良长城的一部分。)有时候——比如在北爱尔兰，威尔士以及南非的干旱台地卡鲁——岩浆上升得很快，然后以大厚块的形式水平地涌上地面。在印度西部的德千髙原，经过超过50万年咕嘟咕嘟的火山喷发，积累了超过200万立方公里的熔岩，其中有些厚达2，400米。

Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly It does not have time to cool as it surges The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle

有时候岩浆移动得十分迅速。在向上喷涌的过程中没有时间冷却。沸腾的岩石中所包含的气体突然膨胀，熔岩因为受热而闪闪发光，岩浆开始冒泡，接着以巨大的力量爆发。然后，下面稍微凉一点的熔岩开始漫出火山口。这种情形曾经发生在火星上，也曾经发生在月球上，甚至在木星和天王星的卫星上也曾经出现过。通过研究这些证据，火山学家们得以了解过去大喷发的威力。轻石是不是很轻并且充满孔洞?其喷发的力量是巨大的。岩石是否很重，是否像北爱尔兰巨人堤一样，有着巨大的结晶玄武岩形状?那就是一场缓慢，温和的喷发。

The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates — the plates which make up the earth’s crust and The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ where there have been the most violent explosions — Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen’s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in

最剧烈的喷发发生在大洋中间深深的海底，新的熔岩将大陆撕开，每年将大西洋加宽五厘米。观察一下火山、地震和像菲律宾和日本这样的群岛，你就会看到被称为地壳板块的大致轮廓——地壳板块组成了地球的地壳和地幔。这其中最明显的例子就是太平洋上的“火环”，那里曾经发生过最剧烈的喷发——马尼拉附近的Pinatubo喷发，洛基山脉中的圣海伦山喷发，还有十年前的墨西哥EI Chichón山喷发，更不用提1883年苏丹海峡喀拉喀托山震惊世界的喷发。

D But volcanoes are not very That is because geological time is not like human During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600

D然而火山喷发并不总是能被预测，那是因为地质时间与人类时间不同。在休眠期，火山用熔岩将自己盖起来，用溢出火山口的熔岩形成坚硬的锥型体，随后熔岩慢慢冷却成为又大又哽，稳固的岩颈，岩颈会阻止进一步的喷发，直到压力大到无法抵挡为止。拿Pinatubo山为例，这个过程花了600年。

Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at on 8 May, Of a town of 28,000, only two people In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North Thousands starved as the harvests failed, after snow in June and frosts in Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet

然而，有时候，只有一个小小的征兆，火山就喷发了。1902年5月8日早上7点49分，Martinique的Pelée山爆发了。28，000人的城镇，只有两人幸存。在1815年，一次突然喷发炸掉了印度尼西亚的Tambora山1,280米的山顶。那次喷发如此剧烈，以至于喷进平流层的火山灰遮蔽了天空，使得欧洲和美洲直接进人秋季。六月下雪，八月上霜，粮食因此而歉收，上千人忍饥挨饿，火山，尤其是那些安静的火山，是潜在的世界新闻。

Passage3

参考译文

Obtaining Linguistic Data

获得语言资料

A Many procedures are available for obtaining data about a They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one’s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at

A我们有很多种可以用来获得语言资料的方式。这些方法既可以是精心准备，深入细致的国外实地调査，也可以是在自家摇椅上进行的，对母语的一次不经意的反思。

B In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data — an Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language ( translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to But a linguist’s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child

B无论用何种方式，总有人要充当语言资料的来源——这个人就叫做资料提供者。资料提供者(理想状态下)应该是以该语言为母语的人，他可以提供做分析之用的语句，还可以给出有关该语言的其他信息(如翻译，正误评判，用法判断等)。在研究本国语言时，语言学家本人往往充当资料提供者一角，比照他们的直觉，来对语句的歧义现象、可接受度及其他特性加以评判。这种方法因其便利性而被广泛使用，而且还被看作是生成式语言研究方式的规范。然而，一名语言学家的个人判断通常要么是不确定的，要么就与其他语言学家的意见相左，此时就需要求助于更为客观的提问方式，让语言学家本人以外的人来充当资料提供者。

C Many factors must be considered when selecting informants — whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting ( the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants ( their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to

C在研究外语及儿童语言的时候，第二种方式是不可避免的在选择资料提供人的时候要考虑多种因素——你面对的是单个说话人(当语言从未被描述过的时候出现的通常状况)，还是两个人互动;是小组还是大规模的样本。年龄、性别、社会背景以及身份的其他方面都很重要，因为据信这些因素会影响使用语言的类别。对话的话题和社交场合的特征(比如正式程度)也极其相关;同样，资料提供者的个人资质(比如语言流畅度和连贯性)也十分重要。对于较大规模的研究来说，要对所采用的抽样方式一丝不苟，而且无论在什么情况下，都要决定采用最好的调查技术。

D Today, researchers often tape-record This enables the linguist’s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate (‘difficult’ pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the ‘observer’s paradox’ (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact — a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style ( asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).

D如今，语言研究者通常都会为资料提供人录音。这就使语言学家针对这些语言的某些论断变得可以接受检查，并且还能提供一种使这些观点更为精确的方式(反复听“难”懂的语言)。但是想要获得自然的，高质量的资料可没那么容易。当得知被录音的时候，人们说话的方式就不同了，而且音质可以很差。因此，一系列的录音方式就被设计出来以便尽可能地解除研究者的矛盾(如何能够观察人们的行为方式又不让他们知道正在被观察)。有时候，说话人是在毫不知情的情况下被录音的——这一方式可以获得极自然的材料，但是道德方面的反对意见也是预料之中的事。另外，也可以尝试让说话人忘记录音这回事，比如把录音机藏起来，或是使用无线麦克风。还有一种管用的方式，就是提出一个说话人能够迅速融入的话题，从而激发一种自然的语言风格(比如询问年长的资料提供者：在他们的家乡，时代是如何变迁的)。

E An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist’s problems, Speech is often unclear and Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an

E然而，磁带录音的方式并不能够解决语言学家面临的所有问题。讲话通常又不清楚，又有歧义。因此，如果可能的话，要对参与者的非语言行为以及整体语境做出书面评述，作为对录音的补充。例如，一个面部表情就可以彻底改变一句话的意思。在很大情况下，可以用录像方式避免这样的问题，但是就算是这个方式也存在局限性(摄像机不可能安得到处都是)，而且文字誊本总是要得益于观察者另外提供的注解。

F Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques (‘How do you say table in your language?’). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame ( I___ see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction (‘Is it possible to say I no can see?’).

F语言学家还需要大量使用结构化会议，当中他们系统地要求资料提供者说出有关某种动作、物体及行为的语句。如果资料提供者是说双语的，或者通过翻译的帮助，我们就有可能用到翻译技巧(比如你们怎么说桌子这个词)。通过使用面试表格和调查问卷，我们能够在很短的时间里覆盖大量的知识点。通常，研究者只想获得有关某个语言变项的信息，在这种情况下，就必须使用一套严格设置好的问题：比如说，发音上的某个特殊规则，可以用要求资料提供者读出一组严格设定的单词的方法引出来。我们还有几种直接的诱导方式，比如让资料提供人填写替换表中的空格(比如：我__看到一辆汽车)，或者给他们做改错练习(“能不能说我能不看到?”)。

G A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different Its range and size are Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or

G为了语言分析而被编纂起来的语言代表样本被叫做语料库。语料库使得语言学家能够对一种用法的频率加以客观陈述，而且还可以为其他的研究者所用。语料库的范围和规模是各不相同的。有些语料库试图将语言作为一个整体来研究，从不同类型的文章中节选材料;其他的则十分挑剔，只提供针对某个特殊语言现象的一组材料。语料库的大小是由实践因素决定的，比如说可以用来搜集、处理、存储资料的时间：要想为几分钟的演讲做一个精确的原文，可能要花上数小时的时间。有时候，个小资料样本就足以证明一种语言学假说。相反地，重大研究项目的语料库加起来足有上百万字。一个重要的原则是，无论大小，所有的语料库在覆盖面上都不可避免地存在局限性，因此，它们总是需要通过内省或实验的方式，被源自母语者直觉的资料补充。

雅思阅读答案解析 第10篇

Question 1

答案：isolation

关键词：6800/variety of language/geographical

定位原文：第3段第1句“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few ”

解题思路：根据这句话可知，语言多样性是由于地理上的isolation。

Question 2

答案：economic globalization/globalization/socio-economic pressures

关键词：government/huge decrease

定位原文：第5段第4句“…the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic ”

解题思路：本题目要看清楚问的是语言消失的原因，and表示并列，因此空中应该填与government initiatives对等的原因，而文中第五段前半部分提到政府政策对语言的影响，但是科学家们也指出，真正致命的原因是社会经济压力。

Question 3

答案：cultural identity

关键词：Increasing appr?eciation/language classes

定位原文：第7段第2句话“But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming ”

解题思路：“increasing appreciation”和文中的“growing interest”是同义替换，故正确答案是cultural identity。”

Question 4

答案：traditional skill

关键词：‘apprentice’/teach/a

定位原文：第7段倒数第4句“Volunteer "apprentices" pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered ”

解题思路：“apprentice”做为定位词，题干这句话的意思是在学徒计划中，濒危语言被用来作为载体来教授人们一种……，文中的“learn”与“teach”在意思上有关联，而不定冠词“a”之后要填一个专有名词。

Question 5

答案：E

关键词：more than

定位原文：第7段第4句“Most of these languages will not survive without a large bilingualism…”

解题思路：题干这句话正好跟文中这句话表达的是相同的意思，而文中有这个观点的正是E选项。

Question 6

答案：B

关键词：in itself

定位原文：“But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day。”

解题思路：通过这句话可以推测，保护语言本身并不是目标，如何让语言活起来才是真正目的。故正确答案为B。

Question 7

答案：D

关键词：think/determine

定位原文：第6段倒数第2句“‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our ’”

解题思路：这句话话当中提到了说英语的人的大脑与说法语的人大脑的不同，随后提出语言会影响我们的想法和观点。

Question 8

答案：C

关键词：reject/established/way of life

定位原文：第4段最后一句“People lose faith in their culture, When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old ”

解题思路：题干句子意思是“年轻人经常会拒绝接受社会约定俗成的生活方式”，正好与文中这句话“语言的转化意味着传统文化的消失”表达的意思一致。

Question 9

答案：B

关键词：loss

定位原文：第6段第2句“If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something…”

解题思路：文中的shift等同于题目当中的change，而传统文化的存在正意味着人们可以采用不同的观点来看待这个世界。

Question 10

答案：NO

关键词：Navajo

定位原文：第3段第4句话“Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they ”

解题思路：这句话说有15万人在使用那瓦霍语，证明使用者并不是很少，在接下来的一句话当中，作者又表明使语言濒临灭绝的真正原因并不是说的人少，而是说的人太老。

Question 11

答案：YES

关键词：a large number of

定位原文：第3段第4句话“Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 ”

解题思路：根据文中给出的证据，即有15万人说那瓦霍语，但是这门语言仍然濒临灭绝，作者推出了题中的结论，这个结论是正确的。

Question 12

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：government

定位原文：第5段

解题思路：文中第五段提到了政府，主要是指出政府的政策也是导致语言濒危的原因，但是此后就并未对政府的作用再多做叙述，而是转而论述社会经济压力的重要性。本题是典型的节外生枝型。

Question 13

答案：YES

关键词：linguistic diversity

定位原文：第7段第1句“So despite linguists" best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next ”

解题思路：这句话表明尽管语言学家已经竭尽全力，但是许多语言到了下个世纪还是会消失。这句话就表明语言多样性的消失是不可避免的。

定位原文：第3段第1句“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few ”

Question 14

答案：C

关键词：Western

定位原文：第1段第1句“Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of ”

解题思路：A答案说澳大利亚医生与制药公司关系紧密，属于完全未提及型答案。B答案认为澳大利亚医生总是和其他医师一同工作，与文中所说的事实恰好相反。D答案说澳大利亚医生会开出另类处方，这也是不正确的。只有C答案与文章叙述相符。

Question 15

答案：B

关键词：Americans

定位原文：第1段倒数第1句“Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically ”

解题思路：文中这句话说1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师的次数比去看传统医生的次数还多。所以答案B是正确的。而A、C和D答案中提到的比较关系并不存在。

Question 16

答案：YES

关键词：20 years

定位原文：第2段第1句“Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 ”

解题思路：在过去20年中，由于人们对传统医疗不再迷信，另类疗法在澳大利亚慢慢流行起来。这句话就证明在过去20年里，比以往更多的澳大利亚人开始相信另类疗法。

Question 17

答案：NO

关键词：1983/1990/ a further 8%

定位原文：第2段第2句话和第3句话“In a 1983 national health survey, % of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the By 1990, this figure had risen to % of the ”

解题思路：在1983年的调査中，约有%的人说他们曾经看过另类疗法医师，到了1990年，这个数字上升到了总人口的%。如果做减法的话，实际上人数上升了将近个百分点，因此题目中所说的增加8%是错误的。

Question 18

答案：YES

关键词：550,000

定位原文：第2段第4句话“The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of…”

解题思路：题干这句话刚好和定位句的“The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists”表达的是同样的意思，因此是正确的。

Question 19

答案：YES

关键词：had a higher opinion

定位原文：第2段最后一句“The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a ”

解题思路：这句话说的是包括医生在内的专业人士的崇高地位也就大打折扣。这句话的含义就是澳大利亚人以前对医生等专业人士有较高的评价，而现在这种观点已经遭受损害。

Question 20

答案：YES

关键词：Australian doctors

定位原文：第3段第1句“Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and ”

解题思路：这句话表明澳大利亚正统医生正在接受另类疗法培训，相对于以前他们接受的正统医疗培训来说，这次培训无疑是一种再培训。

Question 21

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：salaries

定位原文：第3段

解题思路：并不存在的比较关系是TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN题解题的一条黄金法则。尤其当作者将两者进行简单肤浅比较的时候，一般答案都是NOT GIVEN。文中没有任何地方提到两种医生的薪水，因此正确答案是NOT GIVEN。

Question 22

答案：YES

关键词：1993/289

定位原文：第4段首句和第二句“In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists" practices in These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 ”

解题思路：89名病患去看病的这8家诊所提供各种各样的另类疗法服务，这其中也许包括针灸疗法，但是如果说这289名病人都是去做针灸的，就未免有些以偏概全了。

Question 23

答案：NO

关键词：1993/long-term

定位原文：第4段第3句“Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little ”

解题思路：chronic是“长期的，慢性的”意思，complaints在此处不是“抱怨，投诉”的意思，而是指疾病。

Question 24

答案：emotional/emotional problems

关键词：10%-15%

定位原文：第5段第1句“12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional ”

解题思路：目测该数字应该在10%和15%之间，在第五段寻找这样一个数字，结果发现12%所对应的是digestive一词，但是，很快我们会发现Digestive已经出现在了表格上，所以答案应该是比12%少一个百分点的emotional/emotional problems。

Question 25

答案：headache

关键词：5%-10%

定位原文：第5段最后一句“Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively…”

解题思路：该疾病所对应的数字应该在5%和10%之间，而且应该比第26空更接近10%。所以可以回第五段找两个相近并且都接近10%的数字，结果发现了6%和5%，故此空应该填：headache。

Question 26

答案：general ill health

关键词：5%

定位原文：第5段最后一句“Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively…”

解题思路：该疾病对应数字是5%，故应该填general ill health。

Question 27

答案：H

关键词：unusual connection

定位原文：H段最后1句“By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance ”

解题思路：link-up等于connection，后面的play may enhance creativity证明这种不寻常的联系是有好处的。

Question 28

答案：F

关键词：record/time

定位原文：F段第2句“If you plot the amount of ”

解题思路：这个heading的意思是由记录小动物玩耍的时间而得到的见解，关键词是时间，回到文章当中寻找对应词时，只有这个段落提到了时间。plot一词是用图表记录的意思，在这里就等同于record。

Question 29

答案：A

关键词：physical hazard

定位原文：A段第4句之后“For a start, play can even cost animals their Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals…”

解题思路：问题是问哪一段包含有对玩要带来的危险的描述。文章中只有在第一段中谈到了玩要可能带来的危险，而且还举出了小海狗的例子来说明这种危险的存在。

Question 30

答案：H

关键词：mental/exercise/develop

定位原文：H段前3句“Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher… and ”

解题思路：mental activity是大脑活动的意思，问题问的是在玩耍过程当中，哪些大脑活动得到了练习和发展。

Question 31

答案：I

关键词：effects/reduction

定位原文：I段首句和2句“What might further experimentation… with their ”

解题思路：问题问得是哪一段包含了这样的内容：减少玩耍机会可能对儿童造成的影响。在最后一段中，作者谈到了被剥夺了玩耍机会的小老鼠大脑就发育的不好，并且用一个设问句表明了他对人类儿童的忧虑。而且一般来讲，含有effect的段意都是对应文章的最后一段。

Question 32

答案：B

关键词：class/animals

定位原文：B段第4句“Playfulness, it seems, is common only among ”

解题思路：B段中提到了玩要在哺乳动物中很普遍，而且在有些鸟类当中也存在，即提到了各种各样的动物。一些同学会在E段当中看到fifteen orders of mammals一词，不过仔细读下来，E段的主要意思是在讲哺乳动物中大脑大小和玩耍之间的关系，并不是说玩耍对哪种动物重要。故答案选B。

Question 33-35

答案：ACF(IN EITHER ORDER)

Question 33

答案：A

关键词：rehearsal/adult

定位原文：B段倒数第2句“A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juvenile develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialize as ”

解题思路：这段中提到了帮助青少年培养作为成年人需要的一些技能，所以A选项正确。

Question 34

答案：C

关键词：build up strength

定位原文：B 段最后一句“Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult ”

解题思路：“使年轻的动物保持体形”与C选项对应。

Question 35

答案：F

关键词：organ growth

定位原文：E段首句：“ that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness…”

解题思路：“在脑部大小与玩耍之间有正面的关联”与F选项对应。

Question 36

答案：B

关键词：Robert Barton

定位原文：E段倒数第2句和末句 “Robert Barton of Durham University …I concluded it"s to do with learning，and with the importance of environmental data ”

解题思路：Barton认为玩耍与学习有关，也与大脑发育过程中环境资料的重要性有关。Environmental data可以与physical surroundings对应。

Question 37

答案：G

关键词：Marc Becoff

定位原文：G 段第4句“Bekoff likens it to a behavioural ”

解题思路：Becoff将玩耍比喻为一个行为万花筒，这句话也就是说在玩耍当中动物会做出各种各样的举动，正好和G选项中的a wide range of相对应。

Question 38

答案：E

关键词：John Byers

定位原文：C段第2句“Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, ”

解题思路：Byers认为训练一结束，由增强训练所带来的好处就跟着迅速消失了，无论什么种群的动物，玩耍都倾向于在哺乳期的中期达到顶峰，然后则开始走了下坡路。这就与E答案观点—致。

Question 39

答案：D

关键词：Sergio Pellis

定位原文：E段第1句“ that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in ”

解题思路：Pellis认为哺乳动物的玩耍量与他们大脑的大小往往成正比。所以玩耍比较少的动物脑子也比较小。

定位原文：第3段第1句“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few ”

Question 40

答案：A

关键词：Stephen Siviy

定位原文：H段第6句“Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain"s levels of a particular chemical associated ”

解题思路：Siviy认为玩耍能够影响大脑中一种特殊化学物质，这种物质会刺激神经细胞生长。答案选A。

雅思阅读答案解析 第11篇

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1

In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the

2 Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their

3 It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the ‘pure’ science that they study at

4 The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change

5 The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as ‘Are there any rainforests in Africa’

6 Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests’

7 The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of

8 A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children’s ideas about

Questions 9-13

The box below gives a list of responses A-P to the questionnaire discussed in Reading Passage

Answer the following questions by choosing the correct responses

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer

9 What was the children’s most frequent response when asked where the rainforests were

10 What was the most common response to the question about the importance of the rainforests

11 What did most children give as the reason for the loss of the rainforests

12 Why did most children think it important for the rainforests to be protected

13 Which of the responses is cited as unexpectedly uncommon, given the amount of time spent on the issue by the newspapers and television

A There is a complicated combination of reasons for the loss of the

B The rainforests are being destroyed by the same things that are destroying the forests of Western

C Rainforests are located near the

D Brazil is home to the

E Without rainforests some animals would have nowhere to

F Rainforests are important habitats for a lot of

G People are responsible for the loss of the

H The rainforests are a source of

I Rainforests are of consequence for a number of different

J As the rainforests are destroyed, the world gets

K Without rainforests there would not be enough oxygen in the

L There are people for whom the rainforests are

M Rainforests are found in

N Rainforests are not really important to human

O The destruction of the rainforests is the direct result of logging

P Humans depend on the rainforests for their continuing

Question 14

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D or

Write your answer in box 14 on your answer

Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 1

A The development of a programme in environmental studies within a science curriculum

B Children’s ideas about the rainforests and the implications for course design

C The extent to which children have been misled by the media concerning the rainforests

D How to collect, collate and describe the ideas of secondary school

E The importance of the rainforests and the reasons for their destruction

雅思阅读答案解析 第12篇

Passage1

Question 1

答案：
D

关键词：
early timekeeping invention, cold temperatures

定位原文: D段最后1句“Although these devices performed…”

解题思路: 全文只有该句中提及寒冷气温。该句含义为“尽管这些装置在地中海地区十分好用，但在多云并常有严寒天气的欧洲北部却不能一直使用。”与题干中描述的内容相符。

Question 2

答案：
B

关键词：
geography, development of the calendar, farming communities

定位原文：
B段内容

解题思路：
该段一共五句话，从第二句开始每一句话都介绍了一个地理位置的变化对calendar的影响。分别是：And, for those living near the equator in particular,, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes, more northern climes, however,

As the Roman Empire expanded northward,

Question 3

答案：
F

关键词：
pendulum clock, origins

定位原文：
F段最后1句“By the 16th century…”

解题思路：含义为“到了 16世纪，人们发明了摆钟。但由于钟摆摆动弧度很大，因此并不十分有效”。此句中devised意为“发明”，与题干中的origins对应。

Question 4

答案：
E

关键词：
simultaneous efforts, different societies, uniform hours

对应原文：
E段第3句“The schemes…”

解题思路：
含义为“人们计划将一天分为24个等份，而这些计划因为计时起点的不同而不同：意大利时间从日落开始算起，巴比伦时间从日出开始，天文学时间从中午开始，而德国一些大型公共时钟使用的‘大钟’时间从午夜开始算起”。24 equal parts与题目中的 uniform hours 相对应, 本段中提到的各具体国家对应题目中的 different societies。

Question 5

答案：
B

关键词：
civil calendar, months, equal

定位原文：
C段第1句“ the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months…”

解题思路：
该句提到埃及人制定了市政日历，规定一年有12个月，每月有30天。答案 B 题目中的 months were equal in length 对应文章中的 12 months of 30 days,题目中的 civil calendar 对应文 章中的 municipal calendar,这项发明 是 Egyptians 完成的。

Question 6

答案: F

关键词: day, two equal halves

定位原文: E段最后1句 “ French hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods … ”

解题思路：题目中的 divide the day into two equal halves 对应文章中的 split the day into two 12-hour periods, 具体指的是 French hours。

Question 7

答案：
D

关键词：
new cabinet shape

定位原文：
G段最后一句 “ and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case …”

解题思路：
此句中的floor-standing case design就对应着cabinet shape,且该段第一行就出现了 England这个代表国家的词汇。所以答案为D。

Question 8

答案: A

关键词: organise, public events

定位原文: A段第1句“ the Babylonians began to measure…”

解题思路: 题目中的 organize public events 对应文章中的 co-ordinate communal activities,题目中的work schedules 对应文章中的 the shipment of goods 及 planting and harvesting, 这些都是 Babylonians 的所作所为。

Question 9

答案: (ship’s) anchor / (an/the) anchor

关键词: escapement, resembling

定位原文: G段第2句 “It was called the anchor…”

解题思路：
通过定位词很容易找到文中定位句，此句中的like对应resembling，所以答案为(ship’s) anchor / (an/the) anchor。

Question 10

答案: (escape) wheel

关键词：
release each tooth, wheel

定位原文：
G段第3句“The motion of a pendulum rocks this…”

解题思路: 由图可知,本题要求找到该圆盘状物体的名称,故应有意识地寻找与该形状有关的词汇 ;另外此物体上有齿轮,这也可以作 为答题线索。根据 each tooth of the escape wheel 可知,本题答案为 (escape) wheel。

Question 11

答案: tooth

关键词: release

定位原文: G段第3句“The motion of a pendulum rocks this…”

解题思路: 由图可知,本题要求找到圆盘物体的支出 部分的名称。通过解答第 10 题,可以很容 易地判定本题答案为 tooth。

Question 12

答案：
(long)pendulum

关键词：
beats, each

定位原文：
G段最后1句“Moreover, this invention allowed…”

解题思路：
由图可知,本题要求找到长形物体的名称, 且应发出 beat 的动作。同时，本题答案应为一个单数可数名词，可通过冠词帮助找到答案。通过 G 段最后一句中的 a long pendulum which could beat once a second 可以确定本题答案为 (long) pendulum。

Question 13

答案：
second

关键词：
beats, each

定位原文：
G段最后1句“Moreover, this invention allowed…”

解题思路：
此题可与第12题同时解出，此句中的once对应题干中的each, 所以答案为second。

Test 1 Passage 2

Question 14

答案: ii

关键词: aviation disaster，prompts

定位原文: A段第1句“An accident that occurred in …”

解题思路: 本段第1句讲述飞机失事是美国联邦 航空总署成立原因,第 2 句简述其建立的结 果影响。文章中的 an accident 与选项 ii 中的 disaster对应;文章中的result in与选项ii中 的 prompt 对应 ;文章中的 the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 被抽象概括成选项 ii 中的 action。

Question 15

答案: iii

关键词: coincidental developments

定位原文: C段前两句“In the 1940s, ATG centres could and did…”

解题思路: C段首句说明了 ATC取得的第一个development, 即利用了第二次世界大 战催生出的新研制的雷达和改进后的无线电通讯技术而建立的不成熟的管制系统。第二句则提到喷气式发动机的产生突然导致大批快速飞机的出现，因此促使美国开始进行全面的空中管制，两个逗号之间的部分指出了这一development的偶然性 (fortuitous), 与 iii 中的 coincidental 含义一致。因此答案为iii。

Question 16

答案：
v

关键词：
oversimplified

定位原文：
D段第1、2句“Many people think is a very incomplete part of the ”

解题思路: D段首句阐述了一个大众观点(many people )，接着第二句指出这个观点过于片面。题干中的 oversimplified相当于原句中的 incomplete。

Question 17

答案：
iv

关键词：
altitude zones

定位原文：
E段第2句“First, ATC extends over virtually …”

解题思路：
E段第二句中提出让航空交通管制几乎遍及整个美国，接着分别讲述了不同高度的空域管制情况(from 365m above the ground and higher, 215m above the ground, below )因此答案为iv。

Question 18

答案: viii

关键词：
weather conditions

定位原文：
F段第1句“The FAA then recognized…”

解题思路: F段首句提出FAA确认了两种飞行环境。接着对这两种环境进行了解释说明，即在气象条件良好的情况下，飞行员可按照目视飞行规则(VFR)飞行;在低能见度的情况下，飞行员则须按照仪表飞行规则(IFR)飞行。因此答案是viii。

Question 19

答案: vii

关键词：
airspace categories

定位原文：
G段第1句“Controlled airspace is divided into…”

解题思路：
G段首句点出此段主要阐述管制空域的分类(controlled airspace…different types)。因此答案为vii。文章中的 types 与选项 vii 中的 categories 对应。

Question 20

答案：
FALSE

关键词：
FAA, created as result of

定位原文：
A段第1句“An accident that occurred in the skies…”

解题思路：
文章中第 1 句明确说 FAA 成立的原因是空难, 题目中却说是由于喷气式引擎出现, 题目表述与文章矛盾。

Question 21

答案：
FALSE

关键词：
Air Traffic Control, the Grand Canyon crash

定位原文：
B段第1句“Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed…”

解题思路：
文章中明确说是ATC existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster, 与题目中 started after 直接相反。

Question 22

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：
beacons and flashing lights

定位原文：
B段第2句“ beacons and flashing lights …”

解题思路: 此题的定位词在文中原词出现，按照顺序原则可以迅速定位。文中定位处仅指出beacons和flashing lights在当时的使用情况，对于题干中所指的如今的使用状况只字未提。故此题答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 23

答案：
TRUE

关键词：
improvements, radio communication, World War II

定位原文：
C段第1句 “ radio communication brought about by the Second World ”

解题思路：此题定位很简单，定位句含义为“第二次世界大战催生出的……改进后的无线电通讯技术”，与题干含义无异。故此题答案为TRUE。

Question 24

答案: TRUE

关键词: Class F, 365m

定位原文: G段第2句“Uncontrolled airspace …” E段第3、4句和最后1句

解题思路：通过定位词Class F可快速定位至G段处，但是只能确定Class F为uncontrolled airspace,通过该短语及365m可继续定位于E段。E段定位句说明从365米往上的区间为controlled airspace，且在大部分near airports的区域，215米以上的区间都是controlled airspace，因此可以逆推出uncontrolled airspace的情况。故此题答案为TRUE。

Question 25

答案：
FALSE

关键词：
Class E airspace, IFR

定位原文：G段第7句“The difference between Class E and…”

解题思路：此题通过定位词能够迅速定位。定位句的含义为“E级和A级之间的区别在于A级领空中所有的操作都遵循仪表飞行规则”。显然题干信息与定位句内容矛盾。此题还可以按照绝对化词汇all和must来快速判定答案。故此题答案为FALSE。

Question 26

答案：
TRUE

关键词：
pilot, Class C

定位原文：G段第9句“Three other types of airspace,…”

解题思路：此题通过定位词能够迅速定位。定位句中的medium-sized与题干中average-sized属于同义转述。故此题答案为TRUE。

Test 1 Passage 3

Question 27

答案：
E

关键词：
researchers with differing attitudes, agree on

定位原文：第2段第3句“Sceptics and advocates…”

解题思路：通过题目中定位词找到文章中的具体表 达:第二段第3句。题目中的differing attitudes 对应文章中的 skeptics and advocates,题目中的 agree on 对应文章中的do concur on。由本句名词性从句的主干 experiments 即可得出答案。所有选项中提到 experiment 的只有一个。

Question 28：

答案：
B

关键词：
experiences, meditation

定位原文：第2段第5句话“In this case, such signals might …”

解题思路：题目中要求找到实验的 启示,答案出现在下一句中,其中 in a relaxing‘whole field’of light, sound and warmth 是题目中 的 suitable environment 的具体表现。

Question 29：

答案：
A

关键词：
attitudes, parapsychology, alter

定位原文：第8段第4、5句“Answering such questions would…”

解题思路：第四句中的transform对应题干中的alter，第五句中才提及研究者们的attitude,即该研究的未来在于探究可能的机制(mechanisms)。故正确答案为A。

Question 30：

答案：
F

关键词：
autoganzfeld trials, success

定位原文：第8段倒数第2、3句“Some work has begun already …”

解题思路：此题通过定位词可以迅速定位到第八段倒数第三句，倒数第二句指出有创造力和艺术性的人们表现得更好。因此可知样本的选择对命中率会有很大影响。故正确答案为F。

Question 31：

答案：
sender

关键词：
Ganzfeld studies, 1982, person, acting as, four

定位原文：第3段第3句“The idea was that a person…”

解题思路：由空格前冠词和空格后的定语从句引导词 who 可知本题需填入一个指代人的单数可数名词。通过题目中数字 1982 迅速定位至文章第三段。再通过数字 four 定位至该段第 5 行。本题答案为 sender。

Question 32：

答案：
picture/image

关键词：
one, random selection, four

定位原文：
第3段第2句“In early ganzfeld experiments…”

解题思路：
此题轻微乱序，但定位词很明显且定位句是上一题定位句的前一句。空格所填词应为从random selections of four中picked out的宾语。所以此题填picture/image。题干中的picked out与原文中的chosen from属于同义转述。

Question 33：

答案：
receiver

关键词：
ichthyosaurs, can be determined by, appearance

定位原文：第3段第4句“Once the session was over, this …”

解题思路：此题定位较易。空格所填词应为 identify这一动作的发出者，定位句中与之相对应的是指代词this person,于是倒着往回看上一句，即第31题对应句，可以找出this person的具体指代对象。所以此题填receiver。

Question 34：

答案：
sensory leakage

关键词：
flaw, positive results

定位原文：第4段第4句“ were many other ways of getting positive These ranged from ‘sensory leakage…”

解题思路：此题根据定位词及顺序原则可定位至第四段第四行最后，其中many other ways对应题干中的factors，具体内容在接下来的一句中。所以此题填sensory leakage。

Question 35：

答案：
outright fraud

关键词：
or

定位原文：第4段第4句““ were many other ways of getting positive These ranged from ‘sensory leakage…”

解题思路：此空与34题为并列关系。很明显答案为 outright fraud。

Question 36：

答案：
computers

关键词：
1987, key tasks

定位原文：第5段第1句“…technique which used computers to …”

解题思路：
空格所填词应为被用来完成key tasks的对象，文中的perform对应题干中的were used for。所以此题填computers。

Question 37：

答案：
human involvement

关键词：
limit

定位原文：第5段第2句“By minimising human ”

解题思路：此题按照顺序原则定位，原文中的 minimising对应题干中的limit,空格所填词应为被限制的对象。所以此题填human involvement。

Question 38：

答案：
meta-analysis

关键词：
results, subjected to a

定位原文：
第5段倒数第2句“In 1987, results from hundreds…”

解题思路：
空格所填词应为 subject to的对象。所以此题填meta?-analysis。

Question 39：

答案：
lack of consistency

关键词：
flaw, different test results

定位原文：
第6段第1句“Yet some parapsychologists…”

解题思路：
此题定位较难，文中的individual ganzfeld studies与题干中的different test对应。空格所填词应为不同实验结果之间的关系。所以此题填lack of consistency。

Question 40：

答案：
big/large enough

关键词：
fact, sample group, not

定位原文：第6段倒数第3句“ group is just not big ”

解题思路：此题定位较易。空格所填词应为 sample groups的特征，而且此题可以通过否定词not帮助判断答案。所以此题填big/large enough。

雅思阅读答案解析 第13篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1

Lost for words

Many minority languages are on the danger list

In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is Most of its speakers are middle-aged or Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’

Navajo is far from Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations — that’s one language lost every ten Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a ‘At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’ says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to ’

Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2, It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they If it is spoken by children it is relatively The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in

Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in ‘People lose faith in their culture,’ he ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old ’

The change is not always Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’ he ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in ’ But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to

Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’ says There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our ’

So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming ‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few In California, ‘apprentice’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the next But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’ he

However, preservation can bring a language back from the There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed

Questions 1-4

Complete the summary

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer

There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1…… . But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and 2…… are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their 3…… . This has been encouraged through programmes of language classes for children and through ‘apprentice’ schemes, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a 4…… . Some speakers of endangered languages have even produced writing systems in order to help secure the survival of their mother ’

Questions 5-9

Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9) and the list of people in the box Match each statement with the correct person

Write the appropriate letter A-E in boxes 5-9 on your answer

NB You may use any letter more than

5 Endangered languages cannot be saved unless people learn to speak more than one

6 Saving languages from extinction is not in itself a satisfactory

7 The way we think may be determined by our

8 Young people often reject the established way of life in their

9 A change of language may mean a loss of traditional

A Michael Krauss

B Salikoko Mufwene

C Nicholas Ostler

D Mark Pagel

E Doug Whalen

Questions 10-13

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

10 The Navajo Language will die out because it currently has too few

11 A large number of native speakers fail to guarantee the survival of a

12 National governments could do more to protect endangered

13 The loss of linguistic diversity is

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIA

The first students to study alternative medicine at university level in Australia began their four-year, full-time course at the University of Technology, Sydney, in early Their course covered, among other therapies, The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can regulate the flow of ‘Qi’ or energy through pathways in the This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical

Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of ‘We’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into ’ In many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’ for In Europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal In Germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically

Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 In a 1983 national health survey, % of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the By 1990, this figure had risen to % of the The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in ‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they ‘The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a ’

Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and Part of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver ‘The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar ’

In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’ practices in These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little They commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the An increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’ inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative Dr Patrick Store, President of the Royal College of General Practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patients on preventative health from alternative

According to the Australian Journal of Public Health, 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints; 12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional Those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health

The survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than alternative Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the

Questions 14 and 15

Choose the correct letter, A, B C or

Write your answers in boxes 14 and 15 on your answer

14 Traditionally, how have Australian doctors differed from doctors in many Western countries?

A They have worked closely with pharmaceutical

B They have often worked alongside other

C They have been reluctant to accept alternative

D They have regularly prescribed alternative

15 In 1990, Americans

A were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previous

B consulted alternative therapists more often than

C spent more on natural therapies than orthodox

D made more complaints about doctors than in previous

Questions 16-23

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 16-23 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

16 Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past 20

17 Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to include a further 8% of the

18 The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative

19 In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctors than they do

20 Some Australian doctors are retraining in alternative

21 Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than

22 The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture

23 All the patients in the 1993 Sydney survey had long-term medical

Questions 24-26

Complete the vertical axis on the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for

Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer

READING PASSAGE 3

You should ,spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below

PLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS

Does play help develop bigger, better brains?

Bryant Furlow investigates

A Playing is a serious Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than For a start, play can even cost animals their Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators It is also extremely expensive in terms of Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per ‘Even two or three per cent is huge,’ says John Byers of Idaho ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’ he There must be a

B But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big In other words, playing makes you Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also Animals at play often use unique signs — tail-wagging in dogs, for example — to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory Both these ideas have been questioned in recent

C Take the exercise If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by ‘If the function of play was to get into shape,’ says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do But it doesn’t work like ’ Across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then

D Then there’s the skills-training At first glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in But a closer inspection reveals this interpretation as too In one study, behavioural ecologist Tim Caro, from the University of California, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later

E Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada, reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammal, he and his team found larger brains (for a given body size) are linked to greater The converse was also found to be Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains, they require more play to help mould them for ‘I concluded it’s to do with learning, and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,’ he

F According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what’s going If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’ — a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in Think of the relative ease with which young children — but not infants or adults — absorb Other researchers have found that play in cats, rats and mice is at its most intense just as this ‘window of opportunity’ reaches its

G ‘People have not paid enough attention to the amount of the brain activated by play,’ says Marc Bekoff from Colorado Bekoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain, he Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between ‘They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts — predation, aggression, reproduction,’ he ‘Their developing brain is getting all sorts of ’

H Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher cognitive ‘There’s enormous cognitive involvement in play,’ says He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioural flexibility and improved potential for learning later in The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain’s levels of a particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve He was surprised by the extent of the ‘Play just lights everything up,’ he By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance

I What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in many societies today? We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated, play is likely to get even less of a Who knows what the result of that will be?

Questions 27-32

Reading Passage 3 had nine paragraphs labeled

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 27-32 on your answer

NB You may use any letter more than

27 the way play causes unusual connections in the brain which are beneficial

28 insights from recording how much time young animals spend playing

29 a description of the physical hazards that can accompany play

30 a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play

31 the possible effects that a reduction in play opportunities will have on humans

32 the classes of animals for which play is important

Questions 33-35

Choose THREE letters

Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer

The list below gives some ways of regarding

Which THREE ways are mentioned by the writer of the text?

A a rehearsal for later adult activities

B a method animals use to prove themselves to their peer group

C an activity intended to build up strength for adulthood

D a means of communicating feelings

E a defensive strategy

F an activity assisting organ growth

Questions 36-40

Look at the following researchers (Questions 36-40) and the list of findings

Match each researcher with the correct

Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 36-40 on your answer

36 Robert Barton

37 Marc Bekoff

38 John Byers

39 Sergio Pellis

40 Stephen Siviy

List of Findings

A There is a link between a specific substance in the brain and

B Play provides input concerning physical

C Varieties of play can be matched to different stages of evolutionary

D There is a tendency for mammals with smaller brains to play

E Play is not a form of fitness training for the

F Some species of larger-brained birds engage in

G A wide range of activities are combined during

H Play is a method of teaching survival

雅思阅读答案解析 第14篇

答案：FALSE

关键词：media

定位原文：第1段第3句“In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage…”;“Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests…”

解题思路：这两段当中的frequent/vivid/extensive/coverage等词都说明媒体对于热带雨林的现状十分关注，并做了广泛报道。

Question 2

答案：FALSE

关键词：children/classroom

定位原文：第2段第3句“These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media。”这些观点可能是学生从大众媒体中获得的。

解题思路：这句话证明学生也从大众媒体中吸取有关热带雨林的观点，而并不是只从课堂中得到相关知识。

Question 3

答案：TRUE

关键词：pure/ mistaken

定位原文：第2段第1句“Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum ”

解题思路：这句话是题干的同义替换，学生关键需要掌握“harbour”在这里的意思等于“hold”。

Question 4

答案：TRUE

关键词：framework/easier

定位原文：第2段第2句“These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted，but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to ”

解题思路：解这题的关键是要明白题干中的“easier to change”和文中的“accessible to modification”是同义替换。

剑桥雅思4Text1阅读答案解析Question 5

答案：FALSE

关键词：yes/no

定位原文：第4段第2句“Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form ”

解题思路：Open-form指简答题，与yes/no直接矛盾。

Question 6

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：more likely than

定位原文：第5段第4句“More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal ”

第6段第1句“Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human ”

解题思路：
虽然这两句话分别将男生女生作了比较，但是比较内容并不是关于热带雨林破坏的错误观点，所以此题属于并不存在的比较关系。

Question 7

答案：
TRUE

关键词：follow on from

定位原文：第6段第2句“These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests…”

解题思路：“previous”一词是先前的意思，证明在此研究之前，人们也就学生对热带雨林的看法做了研究，因此本文所提到的调査是在这些研究之后进行的。

Question 8

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：primary/second

解题思路：文中直到最末尾也从未提到这项研究是否会继续，所以此题属于无中生有。

Question 9

答案：M

关键词：where/ rainforests

定位原文：第4段第6句“The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%).”

解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为M。

Question 10

答案：E

关键词：importance/rainforests

定位原文：第9段第1句…the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to

解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为E。

Question 11

答案：G

关键词：reason/loss

定位原文：第7段第2句“ than half of the pupils(59%)identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests,”

解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为G。

Question 12

答案：P

关键词：important/protected

定位原文：第5段第2句“The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with ”

解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为P。

Question 13

答案：J

关键词：uncommon/issue

定位原文：第9段第2句至第3句“Only a few of the pupils(6%)mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this ”

解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为J。

Question 14

答案：B

关键词：title

定位原文：无

解题思路：从文章第二段开始，一直在围绕孩子对热带雨林容易产生错误的理解，因此本文重点应该放在孩子对热带雨林遭破坏状况的观点上，故要选择一个带有孩子的标题。

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