2023年剑桥雅思阅读答案解析汇编20篇【完整版】

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析第1篇Question1答案：isolation关键词：6800/varietyoflanguage/geographical定位原文：第3段第1句“Isolationbreeds下面是小编为大家整理的剑桥雅思阅读答案解析汇编20篇,供大家参考。

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第1篇

Question 1

答案：isolation

关键词：6800/variety of language/geographical

定位原文：第3段第1句“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few ”

解题思路：根据这句话可知，语言多样性是由于地理上的isolation。

Question 2

答案：economic globalization/globalization/socio-economic pressures

关键词：government/huge decrease

定位原文：第5段第4句“…the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic ”

解题思路：本题目要看清楚问的是语言消失的原因，and表示并列，因此空中应该填与government initiatives对等的原因，而文中第五段前半部分提到政府政策对语言的影响，但是科学家们也指出，真正致命的原因是社会经济压力。

Question 3

答案：cultural identity

关键词：Increasing appr?eciation/language classes

定位原文：第7段第2句话“But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming ”

解题思路：“increasing appreciation”和文中的“growing interest”是同义替换，故正确答案是cultural identity。”

Question 4

答案：traditional skill

关键词：‘apprentice’/teach/a

定位原文：第7段倒数第4句“Volunteer "apprentices" pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered ”

解题思路：“apprentice”做为定位词，题干这句话的意思是在学徒计划中，濒危语言被用来作为载体来教授人们一种……，文中的“learn”与“teach”在意思上有关联，而不定冠词“a”之后要填一个专有名词。

Question 5

答案：E

关键词：more than

定位原文：第7段第4句“Most of these languages will not survive without a large bilingualism…”

解题思路：题干这句话正好跟文中这句话表达的是相同的意思，而文中有这个观点的正是E选项。

Question 6

答案：B

关键词：in itself

定位原文：“But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day。”

解题思路：通过这句话可以推测，保护语言本身并不是目标，如何让语言活起来才是真正目的。故正确答案为B。

Question 7

答案：D

关键词：think/determine

定位原文：第6段倒数第2句“‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our ’”

解题思路：这句话话当中提到了说英语的人的大脑与说法语的人大脑的不同，随后提出语言会影响我们的想法和观点。

Question 8

答案：C

关键词：reject/established/way of life

定位原文：第4段最后一句“People lose faith in their culture, When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old ”

解题思路：题干句子意思是“年轻人经常会拒绝接受社会约定俗成的生活方式”，正好与文中这句话“语言的转化意味着传统文化的消失”表达的意思一致。

Question 9

答案：B

关键词：loss

定位原文：第6段第2句“If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something…”

解题思路：文中的shift等同于题目当中的change，而传统文化的存在正意味着人们可以采用不同的观点来看待这个世界。

Question 10

答案：NO

关键词：Navajo

定位原文：第3段第4句话“Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they ”

解题思路：这句话说有15万人在使用那瓦霍语，证明使用者并不是很少，在接下来的一句话当中，作者又表明使语言濒临灭绝的真正原因并不是说的人少，而是说的人太老。

Question 11

答案：YES

关键词：a large number of

定位原文：第3段第4句话“Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 ”

解题思路：根据文中给出的证据，即有15万人说那瓦霍语，但是这门语言仍然濒临灭绝，作者推出了题中的结论，这个结论是正确的。

Question 12

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：government

定位原文：第5段

解题思路：文中第五段提到了政府，主要是指出政府的政策也是导致语言濒危的原因，但是此后就并未对政府的作用再多做叙述，而是转而论述社会经济压力的重要性。本题是典型的节外生枝型。

Question 13

答案：YES

关键词：linguistic diversity

定位原文：第7段第1句“So despite linguists" best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next ”

解题思路：这句话表明尽管语言学家已经竭尽全力，但是许多语言到了下个世纪还是会消失。这句话就表明语言多样性的消失是不可避免的。

定位原文：第3段第1句“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few ”

Question 14

答案：C

关键词：Western

定位原文：第1段第1句“Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of ”

解题思路：A答案说澳大利亚医生与制药公司关系紧密，属于完全未提及型答案。B答案认为澳大利亚医生总是和其他医师一同工作，与文中所说的事实恰好相反。D答案说澳大利亚医生会开出另类处方，这也是不正确的。只有C答案与文章叙述相符。

Question 15

答案：B

关键词：Americans

定位原文：第1段倒数第1句“Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically ”

解题思路：文中这句话说1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师的次数比去看传统医生的次数还多。所以答案B是正确的。而A、C和D答案中提到的比较关系并不存在。

Question 16

答案：YES

关键词：20 years

定位原文：第2段第1句“Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 ”

解题思路：在过去20年中，由于人们对传统医疗不再迷信，另类疗法在澳大利亚慢慢流行起来。这句话就证明在过去20年里，比以往更多的澳大利亚人开始相信另类疗法。

Question 17

答案：NO

关键词：1983/1990/ a further 8%

定位原文：第2段第2句话和第3句话“In a 1983 national health survey, % of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the By 1990, this figure had risen to % of the ”

解题思路：在1983年的调査中，约有%的人说他们曾经看过另类疗法医师，到了1990年，这个数字上升到了总人口的%。如果做减法的话，实际上人数上升了将近个百分点，因此题目中所说的增加8%是错误的。

Question 18

答案：YES

关键词：550,000

定位原文：第2段第4句话“The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of…”

解题思路：题干这句话刚好和定位句的“The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists”表达的是同样的意思，因此是正确的。

Question 19

答案：YES

关键词：had a higher opinion

定位原文：第2段最后一句“The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a ”

解题思路：这句话说的是包括医生在内的专业人士的崇高地位也就大打折扣。这句话的含义就是澳大利亚人以前对医生等专业人士有较高的评价，而现在这种观点已经遭受损害。

Question 20

答案：YES

关键词：Australian doctors

定位原文：第3段第1句“Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and ”

解题思路：这句话表明澳大利亚正统医生正在接受另类疗法培训，相对于以前他们接受的正统医疗培训来说，这次培训无疑是一种再培训。

Question 21

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：salaries

定位原文：第3段

解题思路：并不存在的比较关系是TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN题解题的一条黄金法则。尤其当作者将两者进行简单肤浅比较的时候，一般答案都是NOT GIVEN。文中没有任何地方提到两种医生的薪水，因此正确答案是NOT GIVEN。

Question 22

答案：YES

关键词：1993/289

定位原文：第4段首句和第二句“In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists" practices in These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 ”

解题思路：89名病患去看病的这8家诊所提供各种各样的另类疗法服务，这其中也许包括针灸疗法，但是如果说这289名病人都是去做针灸的，就未免有些以偏概全了。

Question 23

答案：NO

关键词：1993/long-term

定位原文：第4段第3句“Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little ”

解题思路：chronic是“长期的，慢性的”意思，complaints在此处不是“抱怨，投诉”的意思，而是指疾病。

Question 24

答案：emotional/emotional problems

关键词：10%-15%

定位原文：第5段第1句“12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional ”

解题思路：目测该数字应该在10%和15%之间，在第五段寻找这样一个数字，结果发现12%所对应的是digestive一词，但是，很快我们会发现Digestive已经出现在了表格上，所以答案应该是比12%少一个百分点的emotional/emotional problems。

Question 25

答案：headache

关键词：5%-10%

定位原文：第5段最后一句“Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively…”

解题思路：该疾病所对应的数字应该在5%和10%之间，而且应该比第26空更接近10%。所以可以回第五段找两个相近并且都接近10%的数字，结果发现了6%和5%，故此空应该填：headache。

Question 26

答案：general ill health

关键词：5%

定位原文：第5段最后一句“Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively…”

解题思路：该疾病对应数字是5%，故应该填general ill health。

Question 27

答案：H

关键词：unusual connection

定位原文：H段最后1句“By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance ”

解题思路：link-up等于connection，后面的play may enhance creativity证明这种不寻常的联系是有好处的。

Question 28

答案：F

关键词：record/time

定位原文：F段第2句“If you plot the amount of ”

解题思路：这个heading的意思是由记录小动物玩耍的时间而得到的见解，关键词是时间，回到文章当中寻找对应词时，只有这个段落提到了时间。plot一词是用图表记录的意思，在这里就等同于record。

Question 29

答案：A

关键词：physical hazard

定位原文：A段第4句之后“For a start, play can even cost animals their Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals…”

解题思路：问题是问哪一段包含有对玩要带来的危险的描述。文章中只有在第一段中谈到了玩要可能带来的危险，而且还举出了小海狗的例子来说明这种危险的存在。

Question 30

答案：H

关键词：mental/exercise/develop

定位原文：H段前3句“Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher… and ”

解题思路：mental activity是大脑活动的意思，问题问的是在玩耍过程当中，哪些大脑活动得到了练习和发展。

Question 31

答案：I

关键词：effects/reduction

定位原文：I段首句和2句“What might further experimentation… with their ”

解题思路：问题问得是哪一段包含了这样的内容：减少玩耍机会可能对儿童造成的影响。在最后一段中，作者谈到了被剥夺了玩耍机会的小老鼠大脑就发育的不好，并且用一个设问句表明了他对人类儿童的忧虑。而且一般来讲，含有effect的段意都是对应文章的最后一段。

Question 32

答案：B

关键词：class/animals

定位原文：B段第4句“Playfulness, it seems, is common only among ”

解题思路：B段中提到了玩要在哺乳动物中很普遍，而且在有些鸟类当中也存在，即提到了各种各样的动物。一些同学会在E段当中看到fifteen orders of mammals一词，不过仔细读下来，E段的主要意思是在讲哺乳动物中大脑大小和玩耍之间的关系，并不是说玩耍对哪种动物重要。故答案选B。

Question 33-35

答案：ACF(IN EITHER ORDER)

Question 33

答案：A

关键词：rehearsal/adult

定位原文：B段倒数第2句“A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juvenile develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialize as ”

解题思路：这段中提到了帮助青少年培养作为成年人需要的一些技能，所以A选项正确。

Question 34

答案：C

关键词：build up strength

定位原文：B 段最后一句“Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult ”

解题思路：“使年轻的动物保持体形”与C选项对应。

Question 35

答案：F

关键词：organ growth

定位原文：E段首句：“ that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness…”

解题思路：“在脑部大小与玩耍之间有正面的关联”与F选项对应。

Question 36

答案：B

关键词：Robert Barton

定位原文：E段倒数第2句和末句 “Robert Barton of Durham University …I concluded it"s to do with learning，and with the importance of environmental data ”

解题思路：Barton认为玩耍与学习有关，也与大脑发育过程中环境资料的重要性有关。Environmental data可以与physical surroundings对应。

Question 37

答案：G

关键词：Marc Becoff

定位原文：G 段第4句“Bekoff likens it to a behavioural ”

解题思路：Becoff将玩耍比喻为一个行为万花筒，这句话也就是说在玩耍当中动物会做出各种各样的举动，正好和G选项中的a wide range of相对应。

Question 38

答案：E

关键词：John Byers

定位原文：C段第2句“Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, ”

解题思路：Byers认为训练一结束，由增强训练所带来的好处就跟着迅速消失了，无论什么种群的动物，玩耍都倾向于在哺乳期的中期达到顶峰，然后则开始走了下坡路。这就与E答案观点—致。

Question 39

答案：D

关键词：Sergio Pellis

定位原文：E段第1句“ that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in ”

解题思路：Pellis认为哺乳动物的玩耍量与他们大脑的大小往往成正比。所以玩耍比较少的动物脑子也比较小。

定位原文：第3段第1句“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few ”

Question 40

答案：A

关键词：Stephen Siviy

定位原文：H段第6句“Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain"s levels of a particular chemical associated ”

解题思路：Siviy认为玩耍能够影响大脑中一种特殊化学物质，这种物质会刺激神经细胞生长。答案选A。

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第2篇

Question 1

答案：A

关键词：box/beginning

定位原文：标题下方方框中

解题思路：题目是问文章开头的方框当中的引言是什么意思。A答案：exemplify例证;举……例子;B答案是解释国际流浪儿童组织建立的原因;C答案：outline描述，描画轮廓;D答案中highlight是指突出、强调。很明显引言是在举例子，故正确答案选A。

Question 2

答案：D

关键词：

定位原文：Introduction部分第2段首句“Over the past nine years, …lives of street ”

解题思路：“to support the economic lives of street 等同于D答案，而其他三个选项基本未提到。

Question 3

答案：C

关键词：reason/end up

定位原文：Background部分的第一段首句“Typically, children do not end up on … and ”

解题思路：…the demand for income at 等同于poverty，而D答案crime并不是儿童流浪的原因，而是其可能产生的后果。

Question 4

答案：C

关键词：independent

定位原文：Background部分的第2段最后1句“Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence,”

解题思路：A,B,D三个答案都比较极端，只有C符合本文的主题。children独立的方式是“choose entrepreneurship”与C选项中的“set up their own businesses”是同义替换，故C 正确。

Question 5

答案：Sudan/India

关键词：country/courier service

定位原文：Street Business Partnerships部分第1点“The Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, ”

解题思路：提供courier service的两个国家分别是Sudan和India。

Question 6

答案：bicycles

关键词：courier service

定位原文：Street Business Partnership部分第1点

解题思路：题干中的provision是文中provide的变形，所以这里的正确答案是bicycles。

Question 7

答案：Shoe Shine Collective

关键词：Dominican Republic

定位原文：Street Business Partnership部分第2点“Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the in the Dominican In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings ”

解题思路：定位到原文，可知答案是Shoe Shine Collective。

Question 8

答案：life skills

关键词：Zambia

定位原文：Street Business Partnership部分第3点“The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to ”

解题思路：定位到该句话末尾，可知正确答案是life skills。

Question 9

答案：NO

关键词：set up/money

定位原文：Lessons learned部分第1点“Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, for every street ”

解题思路：很明显文中说的不是对于每个人来说的，所以答案应该是NO。

Question 10

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：

定位原文：Lessons learned部分第4点“There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual"s ”

解题思路：这一点当中虽然提到了流浪儿童的家人，但是并没有说明他们是否要从那里得到帮助，属于纯粹未提及型的NOT GIVEN。

Question 11

答案：NO

关键词：loan

定位原文：Lessons learned部分第5点“Small loans are provided initially for …ranged from ”

解题思路：题目当中如果含有ONLY/ONE这样的词，往往选NO。从文中我们也可以看出孩子们不只可以申请一笔贷款。

Question 12

答案：YES

关键词：pay back

定位原文：Lessons learned部分第6点“All programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).”

解题思路：All programs have charged interest on the 所有的计划都要收取利息，也就是要多还一点钱。

Question 13

答案：A

关键词：conclude

定位原文：Conclusion部分“However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of ”

解题思路：根据conclude可以定位到conclusion部分，根据“credit must be extended in association with other types of support”可知正确答案是A。

Question 14

答案：iii

关键词：无

定位原文：A部分：第一段首句Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving 第二段：Eruptions have rifted continents…a basement of volcanic

第三段开头:Volcanoes have not only made the continents，they are also thought to have made the world"s first stable atmosphere

解题思路：A部分说明了火山活动的作用，正好和iii选项中的火山与地球的特征吻合，因此答案为iii。

Question 15

答案：i

关键词：无

定位原文：B部分：第1段：整个段落描述了火山爆发的起因。第二段最后：

These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes And，very often,

解题思路：通过扫描这两个段落，发现其中主要将地球比喻成一个鸡蛋，并且由此说明了火山爆发的原因。因此答案应该是i。

Question 16

答案：iv

关键词：无

定位原文：第2段：Sometimes,it is 第3段;Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly 第4段：The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean

解题思路：此部分出现了大量的火山名字，由此我们可以预测该段落讲的是火山喷发的不同类型。因此答案是iv。

Question 17

答案：vi

关键词：无

定位原文：第1段：But volcanoes are not very

解题思路：vi答案是说火山爆发的不可预测性。

Question 18

答案：
plates/the tectonic plates/the plates

关键词：sections of the earth"s crust/volcanic activity

定位原文：C部分的第4段第2句“ you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates--the plates which make up the earth"s crust and ”

解题思路：很明显，应该是被叫做the tectonic plates。

Question 19

答案：magma

关键词：molten rock from the mantle

定位原文：C部分第2段第1句：Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma—molten rock from the mantle…

解题思路：根据关键词定位，可知答案为magma。

Question 20

答案：ring of fire

关键词：zone/the Pacific Ocean

定位原文：C部分第4段第3句：The most dramatic of these is the Pacific “ring of fire”

解题思路：根据定位句信息可知正确答案是ring of fire。

Question 21

答案：600 years/for 600 years/600

关键词：Mount Pinatubo/inactive

定位原文：D部分第1段最后一句：In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600

解题思路：根据定位句信息可知正确答案是600 years。

Question 22

答案：water

关键词：produce/atmosphere

定位原文：A部分的第3段第1句：Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world"s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and

解题思路：火山不仅制造出陆地，也为地球提供了大气，为海洋、河川和冰帽提供了水。

Question 23

答案：magma/lava

关键词：different types of eruptions /moves slowly

定位原文：Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma—molten rock from the mantle—inch to?wards the

解题思路：首先可以根据之前做过的LIST OF HEADINGS题判定，C部分讲到了不同类型的火山爆发。然后寻找slowly这个词。根据定位句信息可知正确答案是magma。

Question 24

答案：(west) India

关键词：quickly/horizontally Northern Ireland/Wales/South Africa

定位原文：C部分第2段第2句：Sometimes—as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa一the magma rose faster，and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick In the Deccan Plateau in western India, …

解题思路：此处要求填一个地名，根据定位句信息可知正确答案为(west) India。

Question 25

答案：explodes

关键词：third/lava/very quickly/violently

定位原文：C部分第3段前3句：Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly It does not have time to cool as it surges The gases trapped in side the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it exploded with tremendous

解题思路：这个空要求填一个动词，而且要注意时态。根据定位句信息可知正确答案为explodes。

Question 26

答案：gases

关键词：
magma/emitted

定位原文：C部分第3段：Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly It does not have time to cool as it surges The gases trapped in side the boiling rock expand suddenly,

解题思路：emit是“发射，发出”的意思，跟文中的expand属于同义替换，故正确答案应该是gases。

Question 27

答案：D

关键词：recording

定位原文：D段首句“Today, researchers often tape-record ”

解题思路：题干问的刚好是哪一段讲到了录音对人们谈话方式的影响。故答案是D。

Question 28

答案：E

关键词：body language

定位原文：E段第3句“Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer"s written comments on the non-verbal behavior of the participants,”

解题思路：题干问的是哪一段讲到了记录人们肢体语言的重要性。故答案是E。

Question 29

答案：C

关键词：social situation

定位原文：C段第2句“Age, sex，social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language ”

解题思路：题目问的是哪段提到了语言受到社会背景的影响。故答案是C。

Question 30

答案：D

关键词：self-conscious

定位原文：D段第6句“Some recordings are made without speakers being aware of the fact — a procedure that obtains very natural data,”

解题思路：题目问的是哪一段提到了如何帮助资料提供者变得自然一点。故答案是D。

Question 31

答案：F

关键词：specific data various methods

定位原文：F段第3句和最后一句“A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview work-sheets and ”

“There are also several direct methods of elicitation,…”

解题思路：题目问的是哪段提到了产生详细信息的不同方式。答案是F。

Question 32

答案：
(the) linguists (acts)/(the) linguist (act)

关键词：convenient/not objective enough

定位原文：B段倒数第2句“Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to ”

解题思路：根据定位句信息可知答案为linguists act。

Question 33

答案：foreign languages

关键词：non-linguist

定位原文：B段最后两句：…at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child

解题思路：根据定位句信息可知答案为foreign languages。

Question 34

答案：(the) (poor) quality

关键词：recording/sound

定位原文：D段第3-4句“But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never People talk abnor?mally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be ”

解题思路：根据定位句信息可知答案为(the)(poor)quality。

Question 35

答案：facial expression

关键词：video/speaker

定位原文：E段第4句“A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is ”

解题思路：根据定位句信息可知答案为facial expression。

Question 36

答案：video recording/camera/video camera/recording

关键词：video/miss certain things

定位原文：E段最后一句“Video recording avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcriptions always bene?fit from any additional commentary provided by an ”

解题思路：根据定位句信息可知答案为video recording/camera/video camera/recording。

Question 37

答案：fre?quency of usage

关键词：comment

定位原文：G段第2句“A corpus enables the linguists to make unbiased statements about fre?quency of usage,”

解题思路：这里的make unbiased statements about和题干中的comment objectively on是同义替换，故正确答案为fre?quency of usage。

Question 38

答案：particular linguistic feature

关键词：while/focus on

定位原文：G段第4句“Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic ”

解题思路deals only with和focus on在这里是同义替换，故正确答案为particular linguistic feature。

Question 39

答案：size

关键词：length of time

定位原文：The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the

解题思路：corpus的size取决于很多因素，例如时间等，所以题干中时间的长短会影响的应该是corpus的size。

Question 40

答案：intuitions

关键词：those who speak

定位原文：G段最后一句“An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size，are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data de?rived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or ”

解题思路：根据定位信息，可知正确答案为intuitions。

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第3篇

Passage 1

Question 1

答案：
v

关键词：
段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文: A段内容

解题思路: A段将了一个医药公司销售代表去一个医疗中心展示自己最新样品的叙述，医生半开玩笑地问了一个问题是what do you have?对照list，应该是v，一个事例的单纯叙述。

Question 2

答案：vi

关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文: B段内容

解题思路: B段讲述了药品推销代表Schaefer的推销礼品预算，因此答案应为选项vi。

Question 3

答案：iii

关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文: C段最后两句

解题思路: 原文说……商业不会采取没有效用的策略，那么医生是否应该为药品销售的过度铺张受到谴责呢?抑或是划定界限的责任应该由制药行业承担?前面还说到一个类似的比喻，是先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题。说明是一个争执型的问题，对应选项iii“谁该为不断增加的推销负责?”

Question 4

答案：
ix

关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文: D段内容，第2句“Salespeople provide…”

解题思路: 第2句说销售人员向医师提供急需的信息和教育。很多情况下，光洁的小册子、打印的文章和处方是销售人员向健康护理人员提供的主要资源。对应选项ix“药品推销的积极面”。

Question 5

答案：i

关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文: E段最后4句内容

解题思路: 最后4句话说这些钱花得有意义吗?这一点很难说。“我一直接受一家公司的髙尔夫球， 我也使用这些球，但是这并不意味着我会在处方中开这家公司的药品”，一名医生这样说，“我更倾向于认为自己并没有受到他们给我提供的物品的影响。”对应选项i“并不是所有的医生都被药品推销打动”。

Question 6

答案：vii

关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文：F段第3句“Though few…”

解题思路: 定位局说虽然在这方面很少有综合研究，但是华盛顿大学的一项研究调查了药品试用品的可获取性是如何影响医生开处方的。对应选项vii“药品推销效果的研究。”

Question 7

答案：x

关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词

定位原文: G段第1、2句“The bottom line…”

解题思路: 定位句说制药公司就整体而言，在市场上的投入远远大于在研发上的投入。最终在飞涨的处方价格中，病人会为分发的每一支笔、每一张免费戏票、每一顿牛排晚餐买单。这个就回答了x选项中的问题，谁在真正为医生的免费礼物买单呢?

Question 8

答案：
NO

关键词：Kim Schaefer, budget

定位原文: B段第2、3句“But on any given…”

解题思路: Schaefer所能提供的东西在医药销售中是非常有代表性的，一车厢用于促销的礼物和小玩意，能支付一个小地区买午餐和晚餐的预算，数百个药物免费试用品，以及可以自由给医生支付的200美元，用以给六个适宜使用其公司药品的患者开药。另外，她还有1000美金的酬金作为医生参加公司下次教育讲座的费用。这个叙述和题干的“类似Kim Schaefer这样的销售代表的预算十分有限。”是冲突的。

Question 9

答案：
YES

关键词：
criticism on moral grounds

定位原文: C段第3句“They work in…”

解题思路: 原文说他们从事的是因销售和营销的方式备受批评的行业，与题干“Kim Schaefer的销售策略有可能会受到道德的谴责”表达一致。

Question 10

答案：
NO

关键词：information provided by drug companies

定位原文: D段第2句“Sales people provide…”

解题思路: much-needed这个词就说明这样的信息是非常需要的，和题干的“医药公司提供的信息对医生几乎没有什么用处”这个意思是冲突的。

Question 11

答案：
YES

关键词：Evidence of drug promotion

定位原文: E段第3、4句“Rarely…”

解题思路: 病人几乎看不到医生使用没有药品名称的笔或者护士使用没有印上公司标识的小药片，很多钱都花在了制作促销产品上，什么咖啡杯，雨伞，T-shirt等等，这些证据都是清晰可见的，所以答案是YES。

Question 12

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：free drug samples, prescriptions

定位原文: F段最后1句“A total of…”

解题思路: 虽提到了药物试用品，但和题目的内容完全不相关。因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 13

答案：
YES

关键词：legitimate, make money

定位原文: G段第3句“In the end…”

解题思路: 定位句说最终，事实就是制药公司总能获取利润，并会不断发现促进销售的新方法，题干表述没有问题。

Test 4 Passage 2

Question 14

答案：
B

关键词：Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade, illiterate

定位原文: 第3段第2句“By 1985…”

解题思路: 到1985年，全国有30万文盲人口学会了阅读、 写宇和使用数宇，其中很多人没上过小学。因此答案为B选项。

Question 15

答案：
F

关键词：pubic health experts, child health

定位原文: 第5段第2句开始到结束

解题思路: 明确提到研究结果表明女性的受教育程度和孩子的健康有密切联系。因此答案为F选项。

Question 16

答案：
C

关键词：Nicaragua

定位原文: 第4段最后1句: “The research teams…”

解题思路: 研究小组同时也调查了存活的孩子以了解他们的健康程度。因此答案为C选项。

Question 17

答案：J

关键词：attitudes, eliminated

定位原文: 第2段第1句“Most…”

解题思路: 女性受到教育这一事实可能仅仅显示出其家庭比较富裕或者家庭更为看重子女…所以答案为J。

Question 18

答案：
F

关键词：infant health and survival

定位原文: 第2段最后1句“Now a…”

解题思路: 这项研究的结果表明妇女阅读能力的提高对其孩子的健康和生存有直接影响。

Question 19

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：a thousand of the women

定位原文: 第4段第1句

解题思路: 就在这里说调查了3000名女性，然后一些怎么样，另一些怎么样，但是并没有说到题干说的研究人员调查的妇女中大约有1000人在儿童时期就学会了阅读。

Question 20

答案：
NO

关键词：Before the National Literacy Crusade

定位原文: 第5段内容

解题思路: 研究者的发现令人吃惊。在20世纪70年代末期，文盲母亲的婴儿死亡率约为1000个婴儿中有110个死亡。那些后来才学习阅读的母亲也有相同的婴儿死亡率(105/1000)。然而对于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性而言，婴儿死亡率为相对而言比较低，为80/1000。”显然婴儿死亡率差异很大，因此答案为NO。

Question 21

答案：
YES

关键词：110 deaths

定位原文: 第5段第2句和第6段的第1句

解题思路: 在20世纪70年代末期，文盲母亲的婴儿死亡率约为1000 个婴儿中有 110个死亡。……在1985年，全国扫盲运动结束后，仍旧不识字和小学期间接受教育的母亲的婴儿死亡率几乎没有什么改变。因此答案为YES。

Question 22

答案：
YES

关键词：the greatest change in infant mortality levels

定位原文: 第6段第2句“For those…”

解题思路: 而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性，其婴儿死亡率为 84/1000，比仍然不识字的母亲的婴儿死亡率整整低了21点。因此答案为YES。

Question 23

答案：
NO

关键词：the lowest rates of child mortality

定位原文: 第5段最后1句和第6段第2句

解题思路: 在全国扫盲运动中学会阅读的女性婴儿死亡率最低。

原文：“然而对于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性而言，婴儿死亡率相对而言比较低，为80/1000。……而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性，其婴儿死亡率为84/1000……”。可见，在全国扫盲运动中学会阅读的女性的婴儿死亡率髙于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性，因此答案为NO。

Question 24

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：severely malnourished

定位原文: 无

解题思路: 题目说在全国扫盲运动之后，仍旧不识字的母亲的婴儿严重营养不良。第6段说了全国扫盲运动之后，婴儿死亡率的问题，但是并没有说到营养不良的问题，所以是Not Given。

Question 25 & Question 26

答案：C E (in either order)

关键词：Nicaraguan

定位原文: 第6段第2句“For those…”;第8段第3句“The results…”

解题思路: 第6段定位句中说，而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性，其婴儿死亡率为84/1000，比仍然不识字的母亲的婴儿死亡率整整低了21点。----对应C选项;第8段定位句中说，女性教育，在任何年龄阶段，都是‘对健康非常重要的影响因素’。这项研究的结果支持了世界银行对于发展中国家增加教育预算的建议，这不仅能够帮助发展中国家发展经济，同时也能提高孩子的健康水平----对应E选项。

Test 4 Passage 3

Question 27

答案：
iv

关键词：段落匹配题，无题干关键词

定位原文: A段第2、3句“A survey…”

解题思路: 这段描述了作者调查中的欺凌现象，对应选项iv。

Question 28

答案：
vi

关键词：段落匹配题，无题干关键词

定位原文: B段第1句“Bullying is…”

解题思路: 段落一开头就说明了欺凌产生的影响是非常不愉快的，而且会使经历过的孩子产生自贬和沮丧情绪，后面接着描述了一些情况，极端的情况导致自杀等等。对应vi选项，欺凌行为对孩子的影响。

Question 29

答案：v

关键词：段落匹配题，无题干关键词

定位原文: C段第2句“Perhaps as…”

解题思路: 定位句说可能由此产生的一个现象就是学校经常会否认这一问题，后面反复提到school 如何如何，对应v选项，学校对于欺凌现象的反应。

Question 30

答案：
vii

关键词：段落匹配题，无题干关键词

定位原文: D段内容

解题思路: D段一开头就说了three factors，说了导致这一变化有三个原因。第一是对欺凌问题严重性的认识;第二，在英国有一些帮助处理欺凌的资源。……第三，有证据表明，这些材料发挥了作用，学校也因此在反欺凌方面取得一些成绩。……因此答案应为选项vii“学校对付欺凌新办法的发展”。

Question 31

答案：B

关键词：A recent survey

定位原文: A段第2、3句“A survey…”

解题思路: 我们发现在英国小学中，有四分之一的小学生有过受欺凌的经历，其中十个案例中有一例为不断受到欺凌。中学的欺凌现象要好一些……因此答案为B选项。

Question 32

答案：D

关键词：Children who are bullied

定位原文: B段第3句“Victimised…”

解题思路: 受到欺凌的小学生成年后更容易在人际沟通中遭遇困难。因此答案为D选项。

Question 33

答案：D

关键词：The declaration ‘There is no bullying at this school’

定位原文: C段前两句“Until…”

解题思路: 到目前为止，我们对这一问题的了解还远远不够， 而且也几乎没有给教师提供处理欺凌问题的帮助。可能由此产生的一个现象就是学校经常会否认这一问题。“这个学校没有欺凌”已经被重复了无数次，但是绝大多数情况下都不是事实。因此答案为D选项。

Question 34

答案：
A

关键词：Norway

定位原文: D段倒数第2句“In Norway…”

解题思路: 在挪威，经过一次全国范围的干预运动之后，对42 所学校的一项评估显示，在两年多的时间内欺凌行为减少了一半。因此答案为A选项。

Question 35

答案：
policy

关键词：makes the school"s attitude towards bullying quite clear

定位原文: E部分的第1段第1句

解题思路: 证据表明，控制欺凌行为最核心的步骤是制定遭遇欺凌行为的政策(policy)……因此答案为policy。

Question 36

答案：
(explicit) guidelines

关键词：how the school and its staff will react if bullying occurs

定位原文: E部分的第1段第1句

解题思路: ……明确欺凌行为意味着什么，并就其发生时应该采取哪些措施、保存哪些记录、通知何人、实施何种制裁方式等给出明确的指导(explicit guidelines);what will be done 和题目空后的how…will react 是同义表达。

Question 37

答案：
(school)curriculum

关键词：
action can be taken

定位原文: E部分第2段第2句“There are ways…”

解题思路: 通过在课程(curriculum)中使用影像、戏剧和文学等方法去处理这一问题。”因此答案为(school)curriculum。

Question 38

答案：
victims

关键词：potential, trained to be more self-confident

定位原文: E部分第3段第2句“Assertiveness…”

解题思路: 对于那些容易成为被欺凌对象(victims)的学生而言，进行自信训练是很有意义的”，因此答案为victims。

Question 39

答案：
playful fighting

关键词：
playground supervision

定位原文: E部分第4段第2句“One useful…”

解题思路: 一个有效的步骤就是培训午餐时段督导员以区分嬉戏式争斗(playful fighting)和欺凌行为，并帮助他们中止冲突。因此答案为playful fighting。

Question 40

答案：
D

关键词：most suitable title

定位原文: 全文

解题思路: 虽然是选择标题，但是难度并不大，A、B、C三个选项显然都非常片面，只有D选项——“欺凌：从危机管理到预防”是相对最全面的。

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第4篇

PASSAGE 1 参考译文：

丝绸的故事

世上最昂贵奢华织物的历史，从古代中国直到今天

丝绸是种细软、光滑的布料，产自桑蚕(该昆虫的幼体形态)制作出的蚕茧——即其柔软的保护性外壳。传说中是嫘祖，即大约公元前三千年时期的中国统治者黄帝的妻子，发现了蚕。其中一个故事是这样描述的：当她漫步于自己丈夫的花园之中时，她发现几棵桑树之所以生长遭受破坏正是由于树上的蚕虫。她收集了一些蚕茧并坐下来歇息。正巧在她啜饮着一杯茶时，这些蚕茧中的一粒掉进了热茶中并开始松散成为一根细丝。嫘祖发现她可以将这根丝线绕在自己的手指上。于是，她说服了丈夫允许她在一片桑树林内养蚕。她还设计发明了一种特殊的卷轴来将蚕茧中的纤维纺成丝线，这样它们就能足够强韧以编纺成织物。虽然这个故事中究竟有多少真实成分我们不得而知，但有一点是确定无疑的：丝绸的生产在中国早己存在了数千年之久。

起初，桑蚕业完全是只由女性来进行的，她们要负责种植、收获和纺织。丝绸很快成为了一种社会地位的象征，最早只有皇室成员才有资格穿着丝绸衣物。这些规矩在之后的年月里逐渐变得不那么严苛了，直到最终在清朝(公元1644~1911年)时期，即使是最低阶层的农民也有资格穿上丝绸了。在汉朝(公元前206~公元220年)的某个时期，丝绸的身价昂贵到被用作某种形式的流通货币。朝廷官员的俸禄是用丝绸来支付的，而农夫则用谷物和丝绸来完税。丝绸还被皇帝用作外交礼物。渔线、弓弦、乐器和紙皆由丝绸制作而来。人类最早使用丝质纸的证据发现于一位贵族的墓中，据估计此人大约死于公元168年。

人们对这种异域织物的大量需求最终催生出了现在被称为“丝绸之路”的这样一条一本万利的贸易路线，向西输送丝绸而向东则运来金、银和毛料。之所以叫做“丝绸之路”，正是以其最珍贵的商品而得名，它被视为比黄金更贵重。“丝绸之路”从中国东部一路绵亘6000多公里直达地中海，沿着中国长城的路线，攀越帕米尔山脊，穿过今日的阿富汗并延伸到了中东地区，在大马士革有一个主要交易市场。各种货物从那里再由船运跨过地中海销往各地。很少有商人会走遍整条路线;货物大多是由一系列的中间经手人交接传递的。

由于桑蚕原产于中国，这个国家在许多个世纪里一直是全球唯一的丝绸产地。丝绸制作的秘密最终是经由在公元330~1453年间统治着地跨南欧、北非和中东的地中海地区的拜占庭帝国传到了世界上的其他国家。根据另一个传说，为拜占庭皇帝查士丁尼(Justinian)服务的僧侣们在公元550年将蚕卵藏在空心的竹子手杖里，偷偷带到了君士坦丁堡(即今日土耳其的伊斯坦布尔)。然而，拜占庭人和中国人一样守秘不宣，在很多个世纪里丝绸料子的纺织和贸易都受到帝国的严格把控垄断。然后在七世纪，阿拉伯人征服了波斯，在此过程中掠获了它们的华贵丝绸。丝绸生产由此随着阿拉伯人对非洲、西西里和西班牙的扫荡而传遍了这些地方。西班牙南部的安达卢西亚在十世纪里是欧洲的主要丝绸生产中心。不过到13世纪的时候，意大利则成为了欧洲丝绸生产和出口的领军者。威尼斯商人们到处进行丝绸贸易并鼓励制丝者来意大利定居。甚至是到了如今，意大利北部科莫省加工的丝绸仍然享有盛誉。

19世纪和工业化目睹了欧洲丝绸产业的衰落。更为廉价的日本丝绸，这种货物的贸易得到了苏伊士运河开通的极大推动，是促成这ー衰落趋势的许多因素之一。接下来在20世纪里，新型人造纤维材料，例如尼龙，开始应用在传统上一直使用丝绸的产品中，例如长筒袜和降落伞。两次世界大战切断了来自日本的原材料供应，也扼杀了欧洲丝绸产业。二战过后，日本的丝绸生产再度复工，生丝的制作工艺和品质都有所提升。直到20世纪70年代之前，日本始终是世界上最大的生丝生产者，实际上也是唯一的大规模生丝出口者。但是，在近几十年里，中国逐渐重拾昔日地位，成为全球最大的生丝和丝线生产者和出口国。今天，全世界大约生产125,000公吨的丝绸，其中几乎三分之二的产量出自中国。

TEST 3 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：

大迁徙

动物迁徒，无论如何下定义，都远不只是动物群的移动而已。它可以大致被描述为按照规律的间隔(通常是以年度为循环周期)来进行的旅行，可能会涉及一个种群的许多成员，而且仅仅是在完成了长途跋涉之后才能获得回报。这种行为显示出了遗传的本能。生物学家Hugh Dingle总结出了五条在不同程度上或以不同组合方式，适用于所有迁徙行为的特点。迁徙是旷日持久的长距离运动，将动物们带离熟悉的栖息地;它们往往是沿直线进行，而不是曲折迂回的;它们牵涉到一些与行前准备(例如超量进食)和到达有关的特殊行为;它们需要进行特殊的能量分配。并且还有一样：迁徙中的动物有着一种对更远大使命的格外专注，这使它们不会被任何诱惑转移了注意力，也不会因为任何会让其他动物望而却步的挑战而裹步不前。

一只北极燕鸥，在它从南美洲的最南端飞向北极圈的20,000公里途中，对于一个观鸟者从小船上提供给它的一条散发浓烈气味的美味鲱鱼将会毫不在意。本地海鸥将会贪婪地俯冲下来争食这般馈赠，而燕鸥却会继续向前飞去。为什么?北极燕鸥之所以抗拒了这一分神因素，是因为那时那刻它被一种本能感觉所驱动着，我们人类发现这种感觉十分令人钦佩：它叫做“更远大的目标”。换言之，它下定决心一定要到达它的目的地。这只鸟感觉到它可以稍后再进食、休息和交配。当前它的注意力完全集中在旅程本身上;它的绝对唯一目的就是抵达目的地。去到北极的某个沙砾遍地的海岸，其他北极燕鸥都集结在了那里，这将让它达成那个由进化所塑造出来的更远大目标：找到某个地点、某个时间和一系列环境条件，它可以在其间成功地孵化和养育后代。

然而迁徙是个极其复杂的事件，而生物学家们对它的定义也各有不同，在某种程度上要取决于他们研究的是何种动物。蒙大纳大学的Joel Berger研究的是美洲叉角羚和其他大型陆生哺乳动物，他倾向于使用一个适用于他所研究动物类型的、被他称作简单实用的定义：“从某个季节性栖息区域去到另一个栖息区域然后再回来的往复运动”。这种季节性来回移动的原因通常是为了寻找某些在任何一个区域内都并非全年存在的资源。

但是海洋中浮游生物的每日垂直运动——夜里上浮以寻找食物，白天下潜以躲避捕食者——也可以被视作迁徒。蚜虫的活动也可被认为是迁徙：当一株食用植物上的所有嫩叶都被吃光以后，它们的后代就会飞去另一株宿主植物，没有任何一只蚜虫会回到自己出发的地方去。

Dingle是位研究昆虫的进化生物学家。他的定义比Berger的定义更为细致，列举出了将迁徙行为区别于其他形式动物活动的五条特征。它们考虑到了存在这样的事实情况，例如蚜虫在应该起身踏上它们大行程的时候会对蓝光(来自天空)变得敏感，而在应该下落的时候则对黄光(来自嫩叶的反射)敏感。鸟类在进行长途迁徙飞行之前会大量进食来为自身增脂。(也就是说，Dingle承认每个物种的迁徙行为都存在自身独特之处而彼此各有差异。)Dingle认为，他所下定义的价值在于，它集中关注了角马迁徙与蚜虫迁徙现象的共性，并以此来帮助研究者理解进化是如何导致所有这些共性的产生的。

然而，人类活动正在对动物迁徙产生着有害影响。叉角羚虽然看起来颇似羚羊，但其实二者并无关系，它是新世界(注：New World 是英国人对美洲大陆的旧称;相应地，英美对传统欧洲国家则称之为Old World)里速度最快的陆生哺乳动物。其中一个种群会在美国西部大提顿国家公园的山脉间度过夏天，然后从其山间的夏季牧场沿一条狭窄路径南下，穿过一条河，最后来到平原上。它们在这里熬过最寒冷的几个月，主要靠吃被风吹露出雪面以上的灌木蒿丛度日。这些叉角羚之所以引人注目，在于它们迁徙路线的年复一年从不改变，并且这条路线在三个瓶颈隘口，狭窄难行。如果它们在春季迁徙的过程中不能通过这三个路口中的任何一个，就无法抵达它们水草丰美的夏季乐园;如果它们在秋季再次穿行的时候不能通过路口而向南躲避到这些有风吹袭的平原上，它们就有可能在北方厚厚的雪层中试图过冬而死亡。叉角羚依靠远视能力和奔跑速度来躲避捕食者，一般穿行于平原的开阔凸起地带，在这样的地方它们才能四下张望和撒蹄狂奔。在这些隘口中的一处，两侧林木覆盖的山峦耸立构成了一个V形，留出一条只有大约150米宽的走廊空地，其上还建满了私人住宅。不断的发展正在引发一场叉角羚的生存危机，眼看就要封住了它们的穿越通道。

物种保护科学家们，以及来自美国国家公园管理局和其他机构的一些生物学家和土地管理者们，现在正致力于保护动物的迁徙行为，而不是仅着眼于物种和栖息地的保护。己有一片国家森林将叉角羚的迁徙路径，其中一大部分路程要穿越该森林内部，列为一条受保护的迁徙走廊。但无论森林保护局还是公园保护局都无法操控某个狭窄口的私人土地上到底会发生什么。而且由于另一些物种也会进行迁徙活动，这一挑战变得更加复杂，因为这些影响因素：动物长途跋涉走过的遥远路途、更多的土地管辖权、更多的边境、沿途的更多危险。我们将需要智慧与决心来确保这些迁徙的物种还能再将它们的长途行走活动进行得更长久一些。

TEST 3 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：

《另外那半边如何思考：数学推理探险》前言

A 偶尔，在一些难于演绎的复杂乐章中，会有一些美妙但却容易上手的部分——这些部分如此简单，即使一个初学者也可以演奏它们。数学里也有这样的情况。高等数学中有一些发现并不仰仗专业的知识，甚至并不依赖代数、几何或三角函数。正相反，它们可能最多只涉及一点点算术知识，比如“两个奇数之和为偶数”，再加上常识即可。这本书八个章节中的每一章都能证明这一现象。任何人都能理解这种推理过程中的每一个步骤。

每一章里的思维过程都最多只用到基本算术，有时候甚至连那个也用不上。这样一来所有的读者都将有机会参与一场数学的体验，体会数学的美妙，并逐渐熟悉它那富有逻辑性的然而也是发乎直觉的思考风格。

B 我写这本书的目的之一，就是为那些到目前为止还从未有机会看到和欣赏什么才是真正数学的读者提供一个机会，借此玩味数学的思考方式。我希望展示给读者的，不仅仅是一些引人入胜的发现，而且更重要的还是这些发现背后的思考推理行为。

从以上角度来说，这本书不同于大多数为大众写就的关于数学的书籍。一些书描绘了某些数学家丰富多彩的人生。另一些叙述了数学的重大用途。还有一些虽则深入讲解了数学推演过程，但却假定读者必定在代数运用方面相当娴熟。

C 我希望这本书将能有助于架起一座桥梁，跨越那道臭名昭著的裂隙，从而沟通两种文化：人文与科学，或者我也许应该将之称为右脑(直觉性的)与左脑(分析性的，数字性的)。正如以下书中章节将会展示的那样，数学并不仅仅局限于分析性和数字性;直觉扮演了一个重要角色。那道所谓的鸿沟可以被任何人缩短或完全弥合，部分原因在于我们中的每个人都还远没有充分运用大脑任何一侧的全部能力。为了说明我们人类的潜能，我列举了若干例证：一个结构工程师同时也是一位艺术家，一名电气工程师身兼歌剧演唱家，一位歌剧演唱家发表过数学研究专著，而一个数学家则出版了若干短篇小说。

D 其他科学家们也曾出书向非科学专业人员解说他们的研究领域，但却都不得不省略其中的数学专业知识，即使这些知识构成了他们理论的基石。读者只好全程做一个跃跃欲试而不得的旁观者，而不是加入其中的参与者，因为描述大部分科学领域中细节内容的恰当语言是数学语言，无论话题是膨胀宇宙、亚原子粒子，还是染色体。虽然某个科学理论的大致轮廓可以通过直觉性思维来进行粗略描述，可一旦实体宇宙的某个组成部分最终为人们所理解，对这部分的描述往往还是看起来很像数学课本中的某一页。

E 没有数学专业背景的读者仍然可以在理解数学分析方面走得很远。这本书中给出的细节展示了数学风格的思维方式，这涉及耐心的、一步接一步的分析、实验和深入思考。你在翻动本书页码的时候，会比阅读一部小说或一份报纸时缓慢得多。准备好一支笔和一张纸会有助于你来测试书中理论和展开各种实验。

F 我在写作的时候，脑海中构想了两种类型的读者：有些人本来一直挺喜欢数学的，直到他们被某个不愉快的小插曲转变了看法，通常是在五年级左右;另外一些则是数学狂热爱好者，他们将在整本书内找到许多全新的东西。

这本书同时也能服务于那些仅仅只是想要锻炼自身分析能力的读者。许多职业，例如法律和医药，都需要从业者具备全面、精确的分析能力。每一章都提供了一些可供读者沿一条持之以恒、逻辑严密的思路线索一路探究的练习。数学可以帮你开发这方面的技能，不信请看以下两份大力推荐：

G 一位医生写道：“(数学中)分析性思维加工的训练令我为医学学习做足了准备。在医学领域，一个人在遇到问题时，必须先仔仔细细地分析清楚才能找到解决办法。这个过程与学习数学是类似的。”

一位律师也提出了同样的观点：“尽管我没有任何法律知识背景”——甚至连一门政治科学课也不曾上过，但却在一所顶级的法律学校里成绩优异。我将自己在那里取得成功的很大一部分归功于通过学习数学，特別是各种定理，掌握了如何分析复杂的原理。学过数学的律师们有能力以一种大多数其他律师所无法上手的方式掌握法律原则。”

我希望你能分享我的这一份喜悦，去看简单的、有时甚至是幼稚的各种问题引向非同凡响的解决之道，同时纯理论的发现则能找到意料之外的应用之途。

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第5篇

PASSAGE 1参考译文：

时间记录的历史

我们对时间的概念取决于我们测量时间的方式

有考古证据表明，至少5000年前，早在罗马帝国尚未出现之时，巴比伦人就开始测量时间，他们引进日历来统筹公共活动，计划货物装运，特别是管控作物种植和收割。日历的编排基于三个自然周期：以由地球绕地轴自转形成的连续的光明与黑喑为标记的太阳日;以由月球环绕地球公转形成的月相来衡量的太阴月;以及根据地球绕太阳公转形成的四季来定义的回归年。

在人造光发明以前，月亮对社会产生的影响尤为显著。尤其对于赤道附近的居民而言，月圆月缺比季节更替更加明显。因此，低纬度地区日历的形成更多受到月运周期的影响，而不是回归年。然而，在践行季节性农业的更偏北的气候带，回归年则更为重要。随着罗马帝国向北扩张，它的活动图表通常都是根据回归年而编排的。

早在罗马帝国建立几个世纪以前，埃及人就已制定了市政日历，规定一年有12个月，每月有30天，此外还有5天用来补充一个近似回归年。每10天以特定星群的出现为标志，这些星群被称作“德坎”(黄道十度分度)。天狼星刚好在日出之前升起，此时可以看见12个德坎横跨天空，而这一现象会在每年极其重要的尼罗河泛洪前后出现。埃及人赋予12个德坎的宇宙意义使他们形成一种新的系统，他们将每一个黑夜区间(之后又将每一个白昼区间)分成12等份。这些时段被称为日光时，因为它的持续时间随着季节更替引起的昼夜长度的变化而变化。夏季日光时长，冬季日光时短;只有在春分和秋分时白昼与黑夜的时长才是一致的。日光时最早被希腊人采用，然后由罗马人采用并传到欧洲，一直使用了2500多年。

为了在白天记录日光时，发明家们创造了日晷，用太阳阴影的长度和方向来指示时间。水钟与日晷作用相当，用于在夜晚测量日光时。最早的水钟之一是一个水盆，盆底附近有一个小孔，水通过小孔滴出来。随着水降至盆子内表面刻着的小时刻度线以下，水位降低的刻度就表示流逝的时间长度。尽管这些装置在地中海地区十分好用，但在多云并常有严寒天气的欧洲北部却不能一直使用。

机械钟的出现意味着尽管人们可以调试它以记录日光时，但机械钟本身更适合于记录长度相同的时间段。由此引发了一个问题，即计时该从何时开始。于是14世纪初，许多新型计时系统逐渐形成。人们计划将一天分为24个等份，而这些计划因为计时起点的术同而不向：意大利时间从日落开始算起，巴比伦时间从日出开始，天文学时间从中午开始，而德国一些大型公共时钟使用的“大钟”时间从午夜开始算起。最终，这些计时方法被“小钟”时间，即法国时间所取代，它将一天分成两个12小时时段，从午夜开始算起。

最早有记载的以重量驱动的机械钟1283年建于英国贝德福德郡。这种新型计时器所具有的革命意义既不在于依靠向下的重力提供起动力，也不在于依靠齿轮(至少有1300年的使用历史)传递动力，而在于它使用了一个叫做擒纵机构棘轮装置的部件。15世纪初人们又创造出了螺旋弹簧，也被称为均力圆锥轮。尽管主发条承受着不断变化的张力，但该装置仍能为钟表齿轮提供恒力。到了16世纪，人们发明了摆钟。但由于钟摆摆动弧度很大，因此并不十分有效。

为了解决这个问题，原有擒纵机构棘轮装置的改进装置1670年在英格兰发明出来。该装置被称为锚型擒纵机构，以杠杆为基础，形状像一艘船的锚。钟摆的动作对该设备产生振动，以使它抓紧而后释放擒纵机构棘轮装置的每一个齿，从而使得齿轮精确地旋转。与早期摆钟中所使用的原始装置不同，锚型擒纵机构使钟摆的摆动弧度变得很小。此外，这一发明使得摆钟可以使用长摆，一秒钟摆动一下，从而引发了新型落地柜式造型的开发，也就是落地摆钟。

如今，高度精确的计时工具为大多数电子设备设置时间。几乎所有的计算机都带有石英钟以控制其运行。此外，从全球定位系统卫星发射的时间信号不仅校准精密导航设备的功能，还被用于移动电话、即时股票交易系统和全国电力分配网。这些以时间为基础的技术已完全成为日常生活的一部分，只有当它们无法正常工作时，我们才会意识到人类多么依赖这些技术。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：

美国航空交通管制

1956年美国大峡谷上空发生的一起事故促成了联邦航空局(FAA)的成立。该局负责管理和监督美国越来越拥挤的天空。由此形成的空中交通管制结构大大增加了飞机在美国的飞行安全，世界其他很多地方也采取了类似的空中交通管制程序。

早在大峡谷灾难发生之前就存在雏形的航空交通管制(ATC)。早在20世纪20年代初，最早的空中交通管制员在机场附近用灯和标志旗手动引导飞机。当时，灯标和闪光灯沿着越野路线放置以建立最早的航线。然而，这种纯粹的视觉系统在恶劣天气情况下是无用的。到20世纪30年代，航空交通管制开始使用无线电通讯。首个采用类似于今天的航空交通管制的地方是纽约市，其他主要的大都市紧随其后。

世纪40年代，航空交通管制中心利用了第二次世界大战催生出的新研制的雷达和改进后的无线电通讯技术，但管制系统仍然很不成熟。直到联邦航空局分创建以后，美国才开始进行全面的领空管制。而这一事件却是偶然的，因为喷气式发动机的产生突然导致大批快速飞机的出现。这些飞机减少了飞行员的误差幅度，并且需要实际的整套规则以使飞机之间保持良好的分离状态，在空中安全行驶。

很多人认为，航空交通管制就是一排管理人员坐在国家机场的雷达屏幕前指挥着抵港及离港的交通。这只是整个场景中的一部分。美国联邦航空局认识到每时每刻都会有许多不同种类的飞机，为了这样那样的目的，在各种各样的天气情况下飞行在美国的空中。因此，急需一个能够容纳所有情况的同一体系。

为了迎接这一挑战，美国联邦航天局实施了以下重要措施。首先，让航空交通管制几乎遍及整个美国。一般来说，离地面365米以及更高的地方，整个国家都被管制空域覆盖。在某些地区，主要是靠近机场的地带，管制空域扩大到自地面215米以上的范围，而在紧邻机场的区域，管制空域包括地面以上所有区域。管制空域是美国联邦航空局规定适用的空域。在其他非受控空域，飞行员受到的限制较少。如此一来，那些出于娱乐目的只想短时间飞行而不受美国联邦航空局规定限制的飞行员就只能停留在365米以下的非受控领空，而希望得到航空局保护的飞行员可以很容易地进人管制空域。

然后，美国联邦航空局确认了两种类型的飞行环境。在气象条件良好的情况下，飞行员可按照目视飞行规则(VPR)飞行。该规则主要依靠视觉线索来维持可接受的安全水平。低能见度使建立一套仪表飞行规则(IFR)成为必需。根据该规则，飞行员依靠飞机仪表盘提供的飞行高度和导航信息确保飞行安全。天气晴朗时，管制空域内的飞行员可以选择在目视飞行规则或仪表飞行规则下飞行，而美国联邦航空局 的规定在同一空域同时适用于两套规则的实施。但如果飞行员的仪表等级超出或低于了其必须持有的基本飞行员执照规定的等级，飞行员只能选择遵循仪表飞行规则。

管制空域分为几个不同的类型，以英文字母命名。非受控空域被定为F级，而海拔5490米以下非紧邻机 场的受控空域被定为E级。5490米以上的所有空域被定为A级。E级和A级是根据其间飞行的不同飞机类型而划分的。一般来说，通用航空飞机(这类飞机的飞行高度大多不超过5490米)和商业涡轮螺旋桨飞机在E级空域飞行。5490米以上是大型喷气机的领空，因为喷气式发动机的效率随着高度的增加而增高。E级和A级之间的区别在于A级空域中所有的操作都遵循仪表飞行规则，飞行员必须具有仪表级别，换言之，必须熟练掌握飞机仪表的使用并获得许可。因为航空交通管制对整个空域的控制是至关重要的。其他三个等级：D级、C级和B级用于管理机场附近的区域。这三个级别大致分别适用于小型城市、中等城市和大型城市的机场，包含了一套越来越严格的规章制度。例如，目视飞行规则飞行员如要进入C级空域，必须与航空交通管制建立双向无线电联系。航空交通管制无需提供明确的进人许可，但飞行员必须始终遵守在目视飞行规则下飞行的所有规定。如要进人B级空域，比如飞临主要城市机场，则必须有明确的航空交通管制许可。未经许可进入领空的私人飞行员可能会被吊销飞行执照。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：

心灵感应

人类可以仅凭思想沟通吗?一个多世纪以来，心灵感应问题一直使科学界意见不一，直至今天依然在学界精英中引发着激烈的争论。

上世纪70年代以来，世界各地顶尖高校和科研院所的超心理学家冒着遭受那些持怀疑态度的同事们嘲笑的危险，将关于心灵感应的各种断言假说放人几十个严谨的科学研究中进行试验。试验的结果及其启 示甚至将发现该结果的研究者们也分成了几派。

一些研究者认为试验结果构成令人信服的证据，表明心灵感应是真实存在的。其他超心理学家则认为该学科曾试图提出明确的科学论证，但却失败了，因此正处于瓦解的边缘。不过，怀疑者和倡导者却在一 个问题上达成共识：即迄今为止令人印象最为深刻的证据出自所谓的“ganzfeld”(超感官知觉全域测试)实验中，这一德文术语的意思是“整个领域”。人类在冥想状态下的心灵感应体验报告使超心理学家怀疑心灵感应可能包含人与人之间传递的“信号”。这种信号十分微弱，以至于往往被正常的大脑活动所淹没。如此说来，这种信号可能更容易被那些沉浸于冥想般宁静中的人检测到。他们所处的“整个领域”有着令人放松的灯光，怡人的声音和温暖的环境。

超感官知觉全域测试试图重新营造这些条件，让参与者坐在一个封闭房间里的柔软躺椅上，听着令人放松的声音，用特殊滤光器将参与者的眼睛蒙住，使他们只能看见柔和的粉红色光线。在早期的超感官知觉全域测试实验中，心灵感应测试包括识别从大型图片库中随机选择的四张图片中的其中一张。试验的想 法是有一个人作为“发送者”，尝试把图像发送给在封闭房间中休息的“接收者”。传递过程结束时，接收者 需要回答四张图片中的哪一张是刚刚使用过的。随机猜测的命中率是25%,但如果心灵感应是真实存在的，命中率应该更高。1982年，此项研究的先驱者之一，美国超心理学家Charles Honorton对第一批超感官知觉全域测试研究结果进行了分析。研究结果显示了高于30%的典型命中率。虽然效果不甚明显，但统计测试显示不能将它归因于偶然。

其言下之意是超感官知觉全域测试方法揭示了心灵感应的真实证据。但这种说法有一个关键的漏洞—— 一个在较传统的科学领域经常被忽视的问题。仅仅由于这种解释排除了偶然因素并不能证明心灵感应一定存在;通过很多其他的方法也能获得积极结果。这些可能性既包括“感官泄漏”，即与图片有关的线索意外地传给了接收者，也包括彻底的欺诈。作为回应，研究者们发表了一份综述，总结了 1985年以前进行的所有超感官知觉全域测试研究，以表明80%的研究都发现了有统计意义的证据。但他们也同意目前实验中尚有太多的问题可能导致积极的结果，他们还草拟了一份清单，要求为今后的研究设立新的标准。

此后，许多研究人员转向了自动超感官知觉全域测试，这是一种技术的自动化变体，也就是使用电脑完成许多关键任务，如随机选择图像。通过最大限度地减少人为参与，这一想法是要将有缺陷的结果最小化。1987年，Honorton使用“荟萃分析”，即从一系列研究中寻找整体结果的统计技术，对上百次的自动超感官知觉全域测试结果进行了研究。结果虽然没有以往引人注目，却仍然令人印象深刻。

然而，一些超心理学家仍然为单个超感官知觉全域测试研究之间缺乏一致性感到烦恼。心灵感应捍卫者指出，要求每一项研究都提供令人印象深刻的证据忽略了一个基本的统计事实：检测这些微小影响需要大量的样本支持。如果像目前研究结果表明的那样，心灵感应的命中率仅仅略高于概率预测的25%，涉及40人左右的典型超感官知觉全域测试也不太可能检测得到：试验群体根本不够大。只有当大量研究结合在一个荟萃分析之中，心灵感应的微弱信号才会真正明显起来。而这似乎正是研究者们所发现的。

然而，他们肯定当然不会发现主流科学家们的态度有任何变化：大部分人仍然完全排斥心灵感应的观点。至少一部分问题在于心灵感应缺乏合理的机制。

各种理论都被提了出来，很多以理论物理学的深奥思想为重点。其中包括“量子纠缠”：无论两组原子间距离多么遥远，影响一组原子的事件都会立即影响另一组原子。虽然物理学家们用专门准备的原子演示了“纠缠”，但这一现象是否同样存在于构成人类头脑的原子中却无人知晓。对于这些问题的回答将改变超心理学。这使得一些研究人员认为该学科的未来不在于收集更多心灵感应的证据，而在与探索其可能的机制。一些工作已经开始进行，研究人员试图识别在自动超感官知觉全域测试中特别成功的被试者。早期的结果表明有创造力和艺术性的人们的表现要远远高于平均水平：在爱丁堡大学的一次研究中，音乐家的测试命中率高达56%。或许更多诸如此类的测试最终将为研究人员提供他们正在寻求的证据，巩固加强心灵感应存在的依据。

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第6篇

Passage1

参考译文

How much higher? How much faster?

—Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight—

多高?多快?

——人类的运动极限没有尽头

Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through For the so-called power events — that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump — times and distances have improved ten to twenty per In the endurance events the results have been more At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the team ran a marathon in a time of In 1999, Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent

自从20世纪早期国际田联开始记录成绩以来，运动员奔跑的速度，跳的高度，投掷重物的距离都在稳步提髙。在那些需要爆发力的项目，比如100米跑和跳远项目中，时间和距离都提高了10%-20%。在耐力项目中，运动成绩提高得更多。1908年的奥运会上，美国队的约翰?海因跑出了2小时55分18秒的马拉松成绩。在1999年，摩洛哥的选手海耶斯以2小时05分42秒的成绩创造了新的世界记录，几乎提高了30%。

No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been ‘The athlete must choose his parents carefully,’ says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oftcited Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics — and greater rewards to tempt athletes — it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified ‘Was there someone like [sprinter] Michael Johnson in the 1920s?’ Dapena ‘I’m sure there was, but his talent was probably never ’

没有任何一个人的理论可以解释成绩的提高，但是最重要的因素是基因。印第安纳大学的运动科学家Jesus Dapena援引一常用谚语说“运动员必须小心选择自己的父母。”在过去的一个世纪里，人类基因库的成分并没有显著地变化，只是全世界有越来越多的人参与了这项运动，诱惑运动员提髙成绩的物质奖励也越来越多，因此现在比以往更有可能尽早发现那些独具运动员基因的个体。Dapena问道：“在20世纪20年代，能找到像短跑运动员迈克?杰克逊一样的人吗?我敢肯定是能的，只是人们从未意识到他身上具有的才能。”

Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that ‘genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been ’ Yessis believes that runners, despite their impressive achievements, are ‘running on their genetics’. By applying more scientific methods, ‘they’re going to go much faster’. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet

识别基因优秀的个体只是第一步。加州大学FuUerton分校的运动科学系的退休教授Michael Yessis认为基因在运动员的表现上只起三分之一的作用。但是，辅以正确的训练，我们可以做得更好。他认为美国的赛跑选手尽管已取得了众多骄人成绩，但他们是“靠他们的基因在跑”。通过使用更多的科学训练方法，“他们将跑得更快”。这些方法包括力量训练。这些训练再现运动员在比赛中的动作，并应用了前苏联首先使用的一种训练技巧——增强式训练模式。

Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power — the rate at which an athlete can expend When a sprinter runs, Yessis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief

虽然绝大多数的训练用来提高力量或者持久性，增强式训练注重提高力——即运动员使用能量的速度。Yessis解释到，在一个短跑运动员跑步时，她的脚和地面接触少于1/10秒，在这1/10秒中，一半的时间用于着地，另一半的时间用于蹬地。增强式训练能帮助运动员最好地利用这一短暂的间隙。

Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address ‘Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements,’ Yessis Each activity has its own nutritional Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to

营养是另一个没有得到运动教练足够重视的方面。Yessis坚称，即使吃了补品，很多运动员也没有得到最好的营养。毎一项活动都有自己的营养需求。到目前为止，几乎没有教练懂得微量矿物质的缺乏是怎样使运动员受伤的。

Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be ‘If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country,’ Yessis asserts, ‘they would be breaking records left and ’ He will not predict by how much, however: ‘Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say, but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training continues to ’

在打破记录方面，集中训练也起了作用。Yessis断言：“如果对我们国内的一些杰出赛跑运动员采取俄罗斯的训练模式，他们将会经常破记录。”但是，他没有预测能在多大程度上破记录。“实际上极限在什么地方是很难说的，但是只要我们的训练不断增强，就会有提高，哪怕只有1/100秒。”

One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three By applying Newton’s laws to these motions, ‘we can say that this athlete’s run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,’ says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic

最重要的新方法之一就是生物力学，研究运动中身体的学科。生物力学将一个在运动中的运动员拍下来，然后将她的表现资料数字化，在三维空间上记录下每一个关节和肢体的运动。通过在三维空间采用牛顿定律，“我们可以得出结论：这个运动员的奔跑速度不够快，在起跑的过程中并没有强有力地使用胳膊，”Dapena说道。Dapena用这些方法帮助跳高运动员。然而，到目前为止，生物力学对运动员的进步起到的作用不大。

Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury Fosbury himself did not know what he was That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic In Fosbury’s case, it was the cushions that jumpers land Traditionally, high jumpers would land in pits filled with But by Fosbury’s time, sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions, ideal for

革命性的观点同样还来自运动员自己。比如，在1968年墨西哥城的奥运会上，一个相对来说不是很出名的运动员迪克?F，使用了一个向后跳跃的方法获得了金牌，他的这个方法和当时已有的跳髙方法完全不同，马上被命名为F式落法(既背越式)。他本人并不知道他正在做什么。生物力学专家后来对他的方法进行了分析，并理解了这一方法。这些专家绞尽脑汁去理解这种过于复杂和非传统的方法，而这一方法在他们自己的数学模拟中都没有出现过。F式落法还需要另一个条件来提高运动员的成绩：运动装备上的革新。在迪克?F例子中，这一元素正是运动员着陆的垫子。传统意义上，跳髙运动员都会着陆在填满木屑的深坑里。但是到了迪克?F的年代，填满木屑的深坑被软泡沫垫子代替了，而这种垫子是这种跳法再理想不过的装备了。

In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human ‘Once you study athletics, you learn that it’s a vexingly complex issue,’ says John Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana ‘Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is We"ve got a long way to ’ For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be

终于，大多数研究人员被运动员的充沛的体力和人类身体的力量所折服了。“一旦你开始研究运动，你就会发现这是一个令人懊恼的复杂的问题/印第安纳大学的运动心理学家John Raglin说：“不是简简单单的更高，更快，更强就可以提髙核心成绩的。有很多的变量要引入这一方程式，我们对很多情况的理解都是最基本的。我们还有很长的路要走。”在可预见的将来，记录将被打破。

Passage2

参考译文

THE NATURE AND AIMS OF ARCHAEOLOGY

考古学的本质和目的

Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative It is toiling in the sun on an excavation in the Middle East, it is working with living Inuit in the snows of Alaska, and it is investigating the sewers of Roman But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation, so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human And it is the conservation of the world’s cultural heritage against looting and careless

考古学部分是对过去财富的发现，部分是科学分析的严谨工作，部分是创造性想像的练习。同时也是在阳光下辛苦地在中东挖掘，在雪中的阿拉斯加和因纽特人一起工作，研究罗马大不列颠的下水道。但是它也是辛苦解释工作，以使我们理解在人类历史中这些东西代表了什么。它保持了世界文化遗产，使之免受掠夺和疏忽的伤害。

Archaeology, then, is both a physical activity out in the field, and an intellectual pursuit in the study or That is part of its great The rich mixture of danger and detective work has also made it the perfect vehicle for fiction writers and film-makers, from Agatha Christie with Murder in Mesopotamia to Stephen Spielberg with Indiana However far from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest — the quest for knowledge about ourselves and our

考古学既是一个在田野的体力活动，也是在书房或实验室的智力追求。这正是它的巨大吸引力的一部分。这种充满了危险和侦探性质的工作的混合体是小说作家和电影导演的完美载体，从阿加莎?克里斯蒂的《东方快车谋杀案》到斯蒂芬?斯皮尔伯格的《夺宝奇兵》。虽然这些描述和现实差距甚远，但是它们抓住了最本质的事实：考古学是一个令人激动的探询，一个对关于我们自身和过去知识的探询。

But how does archaeology relate to disciplines such as anthropology and history, that are also concerned with the human story? Is archaeology itself a science? And what are the responsibilities of the archaeologist in today’s world?

但是考古学是怎样和诸如人类学和历史学这样的学科相联系呢，这些学科也同样研究人类历史?考古学本身是一门科学吗?考古学家在今天低界中的责任是什么?

Anthropology, at its broadest, is the study of humanity — our physical characteristics as animals and our unique non-biological characteristics that we call Culture in this sense includes what the anthropologist, Edward Tylor, summarised in 1871 as ‘knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society’. Anthropologists also use the term ‘culture’ in a more restricted sense when they refer to the ‘culture’ of a particular society, meaning the non-biological characteristics unique to that society, which distinguish it from other Anthropology is thus a broad discipline — so broad that it is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology and

最广义的人类学是研究人类的科学，包括我们作为动物的身体特征以及被我们称为文化的人类特有的非生物特征。在这种意义上的文化包括了人类学家爱德华?泰勒在1871年总结的“作为社会成员的个体所习得的包括知识、信仰、艺术，道德、习俗以及其他一切能力和习惯。”而当人类学家谈到某个特定社会的文化时，这个文化就是狭义的概念，指这个社会的独特的非生物特征，这一特征使该社会区别于其他社会。人类学是一个非常宽泛的学科，通常分为三个更小的学科：体质人类学、文化人类学和考古学。

Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they Cultural anthropology — or social anthropology — analyses human culture and Two of its branches are ethnography (the study at first hand of individual living cultures) and ethnology (which sets out to compare cultures using ethnographic evidence to derive general principles about human society).

体质人类学或者生物人类学，正如其名字一样，关注于人类生物或体质特征的研究以及这些特征是怎样发展的。文化人类学或者社会人类学分析人类文化和社会。它的两个分支是人种志(对单个活文化的第一手研究)和民族学(从人种出发，比较各不同文化，得出关于人类社会的通用法则)。

Archaeology is the ‘past tense of cultural anthropology’. Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities, archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains — the buildings, tools, and other artefacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former

考古学是“文化人类学的过去时”。文化人类学家经常把他们的结论建立在目前社区的生活经历上，然而考古学家主要通过残存的物质研究过去社会——建筑、工具和其他人工制品，这些构成了过去社会留下來的物质文化。

Nevertheless, one of the most important tasks for the archaeologist today is to know how to interpret material culture in human How were those pots used? Why are some dwellings round and others square? Here the methods of archaeology and ethnography Archaeologists in recent decades have developed ‘ethnoarchaeology’, where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture — how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do, and so Moreover, archaeology has an active role to play in the field of Heritage studies constitutes a developing field, where it is realised that the world’s cultural heritage is a diminishing resource which holds different meanings for different

然而，今天的考古学家最重要的任务之一就是知道如何解读从前的物质文化。那些罐子是怎么用的?为什么有些住所是圆形的，而有些是方形的?在这里，考古学和人种学的方法重合了。几十年来，考古学家延伸出了种族文化考古学，和人种学者一样，他们住在当代的社区中，但是他们带着特定的目的，就是要了解社会是如何使用物质文化的，比如人们是怎样制造工具和武器，人们为什么要在现在的地方建立住所，等等。而且，考古学在保护遗址方面起了积极的作用。传统研究构成了一个不断发展的领域，在这个领域里，人们认识到世界的文化遗产是一个正在减少的资源，这一资源对不同的人们有着不同的意义。

If, then, archaeology deals with the past, in what way does it differ from history? In the broadest sense, just as archaeology is an aspect of anthropology, so too is it a part of history — where we mean the whole history of humankind from its beginnings over three million years Indeed, for more than ninety-nine per cent of that huge span of time, archaeology — the study of past material culture — is the only significant source of Conventional historical sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3,000 BC in western Asia, and much later in most other parts of the

如果考古学只研究过去，那么它有什么是区别于历史学的呢?就最广义的意义而言，考古学是人类学的一个方面，同时也是历史学的一部分，在这里的历史是指3百万年前人类产生以来的所有人类历史。实际上，在那段漫长的岁月里，超过99%的时间，考古学这一研究过去的物质文化的学科是惟一有意义的信息资源。传统的历史始于公元前3000左右西亚的文字记载，而世界的其他大多数地区的历史要比这晚很多。

A commonly drawn distinction is between pre-history, the period before written records — and history in the narrow sense, meaning the study of the past using written To archaeology, which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing, the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient dividing line that recognises the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the useful information contained in oral

人们一般是这样把人类的历史一分为二的：史前(即文字记录出现以前的时期)和狭义的历史即有文字见证的这段历史。对于研究所有文化和所有时期的考古学而言，不管有没有文字，历史和史前的区别只是承认文字重要性的传统分界线，绝不会减少包含在口述史中有用信息的重要性。

Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a historical But it differs from the study of written history in a fundamental The material the archaeologist finds does not tell us directly what to Historical records make statements, offer opinions and pass The objects the archaeologists discover, on the other hand, tell us nothing directly in In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summarise the pattern observed in the The archaeologist has to develop a picture of the past, just as the scientist has to develop a coherent view of the natural

由于考古学的目的是理解人类，所以它是一个人文主义的学科。而且，由于考古学研究的是人类的过去，所以它是一个有关历史的学科，但是它在根本上区别于文字历史的研究。考古学家发现的物质不会直接告诉我们去思考什么。历史记载是一种声明，意见及评判。在另一方面，考古学家发现的物体本身并未直接吿诉我们什么。从这个角度来说，考古学家的实践更像科学家的实践。科学家收集数据，进行实验，提出假设，用更多的数据验证假设，然后得出结论，设计模型，而这一模型看起来最适合总结在数据中观察到的模式。而考古学家需要描画出关于过去的一幅图画，正如科学家需要建立一个关于自然世界的连贯的思维框架。

Passage3

参考译文

The Problem of Scarce Resources

稀缺资源的问题

Section A

The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the community’s total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most

A

卫生保健资源应该如何分配或指定以保证它们能以最公平、最有效的方式分布，这个问题已经不算新了。在经济发达的社会，每一个卫生系统都需要做出决定(正式或非正式)：在卫生保健方面投入资源应占社会全部资源的多大比例?这些资源应该如何分配?什么样的疾病和残疾以及什么形式的治疗应该享有优先权?社会中的哪部分成员应该在卫生需求方面给予特别关照?什么形式的治疗是最节省成本的?

Section B

What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were ‘limits to growth’. The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the ‘invisible hand’ of economic progress would

B

新近的发展是，自20世纪50年代以来，人们看待资源有限性及卫生资源有限性的态度都有了总体的改变，另外关于使用卫生资源的用户和社区所需做出的开支方面也有了具体的变化。在20世纪50年代和60年代，西方社会意识到：化石燃料能源的供应资源是有限的，并能被耗尽，自然界或环境维持经济发展和人口增长的能力也是有限的。换句话说，我们开始意识到一个显而易见的事实，就是增长是有限制的。卫生保健资源同样也会有一些限制的新观念就是这个显而易见的亊实的一部分。回溯起来，有一个观点现在看来不可思议：在1939年到1945年的世界大战结束后的几年内，很多国家建立了国民卫生体系，人们认为这样的国民卫生体系至少在理论上能够满足任何人群的所有基础卫生需求，经济增长中“看不见的手”将提供一切所需。

Section C

However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of

C

然而，就在这种认为卫生资源是有限的新思想销声匿迹的同时，一种相反的思想在西方社会发展起来了。这种思想认为享受卫生保健是人们的一项基本权利，而这种权利是人们正常生活的必要条件。像教育、政治程序、法律程序、机构、公共秩序、沟通、交通和金钱供给一样，卫生保健被看作是人们行使作为自治人类的权利的必需的一项基本社会的设施。如果为贫穷而苦恼，或者被剥夺了基础教育，或者没有生活在法律法规的框架下，那么人们就不能拥有个人自由，自主行事。同样，基础卫生保健也是人实现自由的一个条件。

Section D

Although the language of ‘rights’ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognised in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is Put another way, basic health-care is now recognised as a ‘public good’, rather than a ‘private good’ that one is expected to buy for As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organisation put it: ‘The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social ’ As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal

D

虽然权利这个词有时在语言上会混淆，但是到20世纪70年代晚期，大多数社会都承认人们有享受卫生保健的权利(虽然在美国，人们享有卫生保健的正式权利这一观点受到了相当大的抵触)。还有一个观点也是被普遍接受的：这种权利使得国家有义务有责任确保从公共预算中划拨足够的资金提供卫生服务。国家本身没有义务去建立卫生健康体系，但是有义务去保证这样一个体系的存在。换句话说，基础卫生保健是一种公共产品，而不是需要花钱去购买的私人产品。世界卫生组织在1976年的宣言中写道;“享受可能达到的最髙标准的健康是每一个人的基本权利，不因种族、宗教、政治信仰、经济或社会情境而异。”正如刚才所提到的，在一个自由的社会，基础卫生是行使个人自治的一个必不可少的条件。

Section E

Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD1 countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care Thus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs increased from % of GDP2 in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will continue to (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, and in Australia about % of )

E

当卫生保健资源不能满足需求的这一现象比较明显的时候，人们要求国家满足他们享有卫生保健的这一基本权利。大规模的人口数量及社会的变化导致大多数经济合作发展组织的国家的卫生费用急剧增加，这再一次引发了一系列改变，使人们开始关注医疗卫生资源的分配问题。例如，老年人现在是最主要的(相对来说也是最昂贵的)卫生健康资源消费者。在欧共体总体中，健康资源的消费从I960年占GDP的%到1980年的7%,而且这一增长趋势将会持续。(在美国，目前的数字是占GDP的12%，澳大利亚是%)。

As a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar doomsday extrapolations about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrators, economists and In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining

结果，在20世纪80年代在各国卫生部长、经济学家和政治家身中都出现了一股极度的悲观情绪(和以往人们的悲观推测类似，比如关于能源需求和燃料问题，或是人口增长问题)在这样的论调中，他们认为资源是稳定的或是减少的，而医疗费用却是不断上涨的。

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第7篇

首先，是如何提高自己英语阅读的基本能力。而这样的能力又主要分为两个层次：词汇的掌握和读句子的能力。阅读基本能力的提升，需要至少2个月的时间，通过给学生专业化的方案指导，将课堂上的学习和课堂后的复习相结合，让其在一个合理的时间规划期内去提升自己的基础能力，达到一个最佳的效果。这也是对于我们老师在教学中要求一直秉持的原则，忌急于求成，囫囵吞枣。

那么怎么去做基础能力提升呢?对于大部分学生而言，词汇的把握是核心。第一、同学们必须去把握阅读部分的高频词，这些词汇是所有同学都必须认真记忆的，按照我们最新的权威数据统计，大概在1000个单词左右，我们也为所有的学员将这些单词做成了独有的单词库，帮助大家以最高效的方式掌握必考词汇;第二、同学们需要掌握好一些近义词或同义词词组，雅思的阅读部分考查就是看同学们对同义词替换的一个把握，这些词组的掌握是同学们获得高分的基础。

我们同样为同学们对这些词组进行了总结和研究。在我们课堂上，我们授课老师会定期抽查同学们对于这2个词汇库的掌握，督促同学们做好词汇的记忆工作。未参加培训的同学不妨可以效仿这样的模式，给自己一些压力和期限，认真做好最基本词汇与词组的积累。

解决雅思阅读的第二方面，就是要掌握好雅思阅读部分解题的关键性技巧。雅思阅读部分共有3篇文章，每篇1000词左右，有40道题目要回答，时间是一小时。如果没有对考试题型有透彻理解，那么很难在这么紧张的时间里去做好题目。因此一定要按照不同考题的特点和对应的能力要求，有的放矢的去准备以及应对。笔者在日常的教学中会指导同学们把握不同题目的做题方法和技巧，一方面要让他们知道为什么要这样去思考，去做题，另一方面告诉他们怎么去灵活变通的去使用技巧。

只有把方法以及如何灵活运用这些方法讲透，学生们才能真正地掌握好、正确使用、自信满满地考取高分。我的小部分学生曾和我透露过这样的困惑，在参加过一些培训之后，考试不理想，但是明明上课的时候听得很爽，只是到考场上做题却犯难。

其实，那正是因为题目的解题技巧没讲透，没讲清楚应该怎么灵活的运用，培训老师没有从考生的角度去思考。我们的模考体系就是考虑到这一点建立健全起来的，通过阶段性测试检验学生有没有真正地听懂，老师有没有认真负责地讲清楚。模考也不断让同学们看到自己阶段性学习成果，从而更有动力。

剑桥雅思阅读真题及答案解析 TEST ONE PASSAGE 1:Tropical rainforests相关

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第8篇

PASSAGE 1参考译文：

William Henry Perkin 合成染料的发明者

Wiliam Henry Perkin于1838年3月12日出生于英国伦敦。还是个小男孩儿的时候，Perkin的好奇心就早早激发了他对艺术、科学、摄影与工程的兴趣。但是一次偶然的机会，他发现已故祖父家有一个破旧但功能齐全的实验室，正是这个发现使得这位年轻人确定了他对化学的热情。

当Perkin就读于伦敦城市学院时，他开始沉浸于对化学的研究。他的老师Thomas Hall发现了他在化学方面的天赋与热忱，鼓励其参加皇家学院著名科学家Michael Faraday的一系列讲座。Faraday的讲座进一步激发了这位年轻化学家的热情，于是后来，在1853年，15岁的Perkin成功进入皇家化学学院学习。

在Perkin入学时，皇家化学学院的院长正是著名的德国化学家August Wilhelm Hofmann。Perkin的科学天赋很快引起了Hofmann的注意，不到两年他就成了Hofmann最年轻的助理。不久之后，Perkin就取得了一项能为他带来名誉和财富的科学突破。

当时，奎宁是唯一可以治疗疟疾的药物。这种药物是从原产自南美洲的金鸡纳树的树皮中提炼出来的，而在1856年奎宁经常供不应求。因此，当Hofmann随口提到想用合成药物来替代奎宁时，自然而然，他的得意门生Perkin马上承担起了这项重任。

1856年，Perkin整个假期都待在他家顶楼的实验室里。他试图利用苯胺这种廉价又易得的煤焦油废料来制造奎宁。虽然他尽了最大努力，他最终并没有制造出奎宁;但却制造出了一种神秘的黑色沉淀物。幸运的是，长期的科学训练与自身的天性使他对该沉淀物进行了深入的研究。在实验过程中的不同阶段，他把重铬酸钾和酒精加入苯胺中，最终他得到了一种深紫色的溶液。正如著名科学家Louis Pasteur所说，“机会总是垂青有准备的人”，Perkin意识到了他的意外发明拥有巨大的潜力。

历来，纺织染料都是由诸如植物与动物排泄物等的天然原料制成的，其中一些原料，比如蜗牛黏液， 很难获得，而且价格极其昂贵。事实上，从蜗牛身上提取出来的紫色染料曾经一度非常贵，在当时的社会条件下，只有富人才能买得起。此外，天然染料的颜色偏浑浊而且很快就会褪色。Perkin的发明正是在这种大背景下诞生的。

Perkin很快想到这种紫色溶液可以用到织物的染色中，由此使其成为世界上第一种合成染料。意识到这项突破的重要性后，Perkin立即为其申请专利。但是在Perkin对自己发明的各种反应中，最有趣的也许是他几乎本能地想到这种新染料具有商业潜力。

起初Perkin把他发明的染料命名为泰尔紫(Tyrian Purple)，但是后来人们通常称其为木槿紫(mauve，法语中制造蓝紫色染料的植物的名字)。Perkin向苏格兰染料坊的老板Robert Pullar寻求建议，Pullar向他保证，如果这种颜色不会褪色，那么加工这种染料将大有“钱途”，而且成本相对低廉。因此，尽管他的导师Hofmann极力反对，Perkin还是离开了皇家学院，去为现代化学工业的诞生而奋斗了。

在父亲与兄弟的帮助下，Perkin在离伦敦不远的地方建立了一家工厂。1857年，他的染料坊开始生产世界上第一种合成染料，所用原料是廉价而充足的煤焦油，这种煤焦油是伦敦煤气路灯所产生的几乎无穷无尽的副产品。当法国皇后Eugenie看好这种新颜色后，Perkin的染料坊迎来了它的商业繁荣期。不久，木槿紫 就成了法国所有时尚女郎的必备品。英国女王Victoria也不甘示弱，身着木槿紫礼服出现在公共场合，这使得木槿紫在英国也风靡一时。这种染料颜色醒目、不易褪色，人们的需求越来越多，因此Perkin开始绘制新的蓝图。

虽然第一项发现使Perkin收获了名誉和财富，但是这位化学家仍然继续他的研究工作。他合成并给人们带来了众多其他颜色的染料，包括1859年合成的苯胺红、1863年合成的苯胺黑，以及19世纪60年代末期的帕金绿。值得注意的是，Perkin的合成染料的发明不仅为装饰领域作出了贡献，而且在医学研究的诸多方面也起到了至关重要的作用。比如合成染料预先被用于给肉眼看不见的微生物与细菌上色，这就使研究者能够辨别诸如肺结核、霍乱和炭疽之类的病菌。如今，人工合成染料还在继续发挥着至关重要的作用。而且，最应该让Perkin感到欣慰的是，合成染料目前正在被用于研究治疗疟疾的疫苗。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：

外星有生命存在吗?

——搜寻外星文明计划

人类是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命这个问题已经困扰我们几百年了，然而随着搜索来自其他智慧文明的无线电信号，现在我们或许离这个问题的答案已经不远了。这项也被称为SETI (search for extra?terrestrial intelligence, 搜寻外星文明)的计划进行起来非常困难。虽然世界各地的团体已经断断续续地搜寻了三十多年，然而直到现在，我们所达到的技术水平才允许我们下定决心去尝试搜寻附近所有附近星球上的任何生命迹象。

A 人类之所以搜索无线电信号，主要是出于一种基本的好奇心，正是这种对大自然的好奇心推动了所有纯科学的发展。我们想知道人类是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命。我们想知道在适宜的条件下，生命是否会自然形成。我们还想知道地球上是否存在某种特殊的物质，孕育了那些我们司空见惯的各种形式的生命体。只需监测一下无线电信号，这些最根本的问题就能够得到充分解答。从这种意义上来说，SETI 是纯科学系统发展的又一个重要推动力，而纯科学正不断拓宽着人类的知识范围。然而，人类之所以对其他地方是否存在生命这件事感兴趣，还有其他原因。比如，我们地球上的文明历史只有寥寥数千年，而过去几十年的核战争与污染的威胁告诉人类，我们的生命也许很脆弱。我们还能再延续两千年吗?还是将自我灭绝呢?既然像地球这样的星球拥有数十亿年的寿命，我们可以猜想，如果银河系中确实还有其他文明存在，那么它们的历史可能从零到数十亿年不等。因此，如果我们收到其他文明的信号，那它们的平均历史很有可能比人类历史长得多。只要这种文明存在，就说明生命是有可能长期存活的，同时也会带给我们一个保持乐观的理由。这些更古老的文明甚至有可能将其在应对生存威胁过程中积累下来的有益经验传授给我们，例如如何应对核战争与全球污染带来的威胁，以及如何应对其他我们尚未发现的潜在威胁。

B 在探讨我们是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命时，大多数SETI的科学家遵循两个基本原则。第一，UFOs (不明飞行物) 通常不在考虑范围内，因为大多数科学家认为UFO的存在缺乏确凿的证据，不做慎重考虑(尽管保持开放的思想也很重要，同时以防将来会出现令人信服的(关于UFO的)证据)。第二，我们保守地假定我们正在搜寻的生命形式和人类非常相似，如果完全不同，那么我们可能不会把它看作是一种生命形式，更不用说能否与它进行交流了。换句话说，我们正在搜寻的生命形式也许会有两个绿色的脑袋和七根手指，但是它们和人类一样，能与同伴进行交流、对宇宙充满兴趣、生活在一个围绕恒星公转的星球上，就像地球绕着太阳转一样。也许更严格地说，它们和我们一样，由基本的化学物质碳和水构成。

C 即使做出了这些假设，我们对其他生命形式的了解还是非常有限。比如，我们甚至不知道多少颗恒星有行星围绕，当然，我们也不知道在适宜的条件下，生命自然形成的可能性有多大。然而，当我们观测银河系中的1000亿颗恒星和可见宇宙中的1000亿个星系的时候，很难相信这些恒星中没有一个有生命存在。事实上，凭借我们仅有的一点对碳基生命的了解，我们所能做出的最有根据的推测是，或许每十万个恒星中的一个会有孕育着生命的行星围绕着它运转。这意味着我们最近的邻居离我们也许只有100 光年，从天文学角度来讲，这几乎就相当于和隔壁邻居的距离了。

D 外星文明可以选择多种不同的方式在银河系中发送信息，但是许多方式要么需要消耗过多的能量，要么在银河系中长距离传播时严重衰减。事实证明，在发射功率一定的情况下，频率在1000到3000兆赫 之间的无线电波传播的距离最远，所以到目前为止，我们主要在搜寻这个频率范围的无线电波。迄今为止，世界各地已经有许多不同的团体进行了多次搜寻，包括澳大利亚在新南威尔士的帕克斯用无线电天文望远镜进行的搜寻。直到现在，在已经搜寻过的几百个恒星中还没有任何发现。1992年，美国国会计划在以后的十年里每年为美国国家航空航天局投资1000万美元，用于对外星生命进行彻底搜寻。从那时起，搜寻的规模便开始大幅增加。项目中的很多资金用于开发可以同时搜索多个频率的特殊硬件 上。该项目分为两个部分，一部分是利用世界上最大的无线电天文望远镜进行有针对性的搜寻，分别通过位于波多黎各阿雷西沃港的、由美国操作的望远镜和位于法国南锡的、由法国操作的望远镜来完成。

这部分项目在距离最近的有可能接收到信号的1000颗活跃恒星中，对1000到3000兆赫的频率进行搜索。该项目的另一部分是利用美国国家航空航天局深空网的小天线进行不定向搜寻，监控所有不太活跃的宇宙空间。

E 如果我们真的发现了来自外星文明的信号，我们应该如何回应呢?这是一个备受争议的问题。所有人都认为我们不应该立即作出回应。且不说要马上向如此遥远的地方发出回应是多么不切实际，这还会引发一系列的民族问题，这些问题在回应被发出去之前必须由国际社会联合解决。如果面对一种更优越、更古老的文明，人类会不会面临着文化冲击呢?幸运的是，我们不需要立即作出回应，因为被搜寻的恒星离我们有数百光年之远，它们的信号到达我们这里需要数百年的时间，而我们作出的回应到达这些恒星又需要花上数百年。就这一点而言，当人类在争论是否要作出回应时，或者在精心起草回应内容的时候，再耽误个几年甚至几十年也没关系。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：

乌龟的进化史

如果追溯到远古时代，那时一切生物都生活在水里。在进化史的不同时期，各个动物种群中都有一些胆大的开始向陆地迁徙，有的甚至跑到了非常干旱的沙漠里，这些生物的血液与细胞液里还储存着曾经所生活海域里的海水。除了我们周围随处可见的爬行动物、鸟类、哺乳动物和昆虫以外，其他成功登陆的生物还包括蝎子、蜗牛和潮虫、陆蟹、千足虫、蜈蚣等甲壳类动物，还有蜘蛛及各种虫子。当然还有植物，如杲没有它们率先登陆，其他任何生物都不可能在陆地上生存。

从水里转移到陆地上使这些生物在方方面面都发生了巨大变化，包括呼吸和繁殖方式。然而，一大批动物彻底在陆地上安家后，却忽然回心转意，放弃了来之不易的陆上新生活，又重新回到了水中。海豹只恢复了部分水中生活的特征，向我们展示了演变过程中半成品的模样，而成品则是如鲸鱼和儒艮这样纯粹的海洋生物。鲸鱼(包括我们称作海豚的小鲸鱼)和儒艮，与它们的同类动物海牛一样不再是陆地动物，而是完全恢复了与老祖先一样的海洋生活习惯，它们甚至都不上岸繁殖。它们虽然仍呼吸空气，却没有进化出类似于鳃这样的早期海洋生物的器官。海龟在很早以前就回到了水中，和其他返回水中的脊椎动物一 样，它们也需要呼吸空气，但是却没有像鲸鱼和儒艮那样完全返回水中，这体现在一个方面——海龟仍然在海滩上产卵。

有证据表明，所有现代海龟的祖先都曾经生活在陆地上，比大多数恐龙在陆地上出现的时间还要早。

有两种可以追溯到恐龙时代早期的重要化石，分别是Proganochelys quenstedti (原颚龟化石)和 Potoeocfeersis tatompayewsis(古老的陆地龟化石)，它们与所有现代海龟和乌龟的祖先最为接近。你可能会问，我们是如何通过动物化石来判断它们是生活在水中还是陆地上的，尤其当我们只找到一些化石碎片的时候。有时候这个问题的答案很明显。鱼龙是与恐龙同时代的爬行动物，它有鱼鳍和流线型的身体。鱼龙化石看起来像海豚，它们确实和海豚一样曾经在水中生活。海龟在这一点上则没有这么明显。判断动物水生还是陆生的方法之一就是对它们前肢的骨骼进行检测。

耶鲁大学的Watter Joyce和Jacques Gauthier从三个方面对71种活的海龟和乌龟的特有骨骼进行了检测。他们用一种三角坐标纸分别标记了这三个方面的检测结果。所有陆栖乌龟的数据在三角坐标的上半部分形成了一簇密集的点，而所有水栖海龟的数据集中于下半部分。两部分数据没有重叠，除非在其中增加一些水陆两栖乌龟的检测结果。当然，这些数据出现在接近三角坐标中间的位置，位于水栖海龟与陆栖乌龟的坐标点之间。下一步就是确定具体的位置。毫无疑问， quenstedti与 totompayewsis的坐标点正好位于陆栖乌龟的坐标点最密集的地方。这两种化石都是陆栖乌龟化石，而且都生存在海龟返回水里之前的时代。

也许你会认为，现代的陆栖乌龟可能自从早期有陆地生物以来就一直生活在陆地上，就像除了少数哺乳动物返回水中以外，大多数哺乳动物还在陆地上生活一样。但事实显然不是这样的。如果你画出所有现代海龟与乌龟的家谱图，会发现几乎所有的龟类分支都属于水栖动物。而现代的陆栖乌龟单独形成一个分支，穿插在水栖海龟的分支中。这说明自 quenstedti与 talampayensis的时代以来，现代的陆栖乌龟并没有一直在陆地上生活。更确切地说，它们的祖先曾经返回水中，只是在(相对)较近的年代又回到了陆地上。

因此很明显，乌龟曾往返于水中和陆地上生存。与所有的哺乳动物、爬行动物和鸟类一样，乌龟的老祖先是海洋中的鱼类。再向前追溯，它们也是海洋中类似蠕虫生物的原始细菌。后来，乌龟的祖先来到陆地 上并持续生活了相当长的年代，但后来又回到了水中，成为了水栖海龟。直到最后，它们再一次回到陆地上，成为陆龟，其中有一些甚至生活在干旱的沙漠中。

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第9篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1

Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth

‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and ’

Doreen Soko

‘We’ve had business Now I’m confident to expand what we’ve been I’ve learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for Now business is a part of our As well, we didn’t know each other before — now we’ve made new ’

Fan Kaoma

Participants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, Zambia

Introduction

Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult

Over the past nine years, Street Kids International () has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons and our partners have

Background

Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and

Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic

Street Business Partnerships

has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn

? The Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their A similar program was taken up in Bangalore,

? Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the in the Dominican In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings

? The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to

Lessons learned

The following lessons have emerged from the programs that and partner organisations have

? Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation’s programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been

? The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce

? It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life

? There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual’s

? Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan The loan amounts in programs have generally ranged from US$30-$

? All programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).

Conclusion

There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive

Questions 1-4

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer

1 The quotations in the box at the beginning of the article

A exemplify the effects of

B explain why was set

C outline the problems of street

D highlight the benefits to society of

2 The main purpose of is to

A draw the attention of governments to the problem of street

B provide school and social support for street

C encourage the public to give money to street

D give business training and loans to street

3 Which of the following is mentioned by the writer as a reason why children end up living on the streets?

A unemployment

B war

C poverty

D crime

4 In order to become more independent, street children may

A reject paid

B leave their

C set up their own

D employ other

Questions 5-8

Complete the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each

Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer

Country Organisations Involved Type of Project Support Provided

5………………

and………………

? courier service ? provision of 6………………………

Dominican Republic ?

? 7………………… ? loans

? storage facilities

? savings plans

Zambia ?

? The Red Cross

? setting up small businesses ? business training

? 8…………training

? access to credit

Questions 9-12

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the wirter

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

9 Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough

10 In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from

11 Only one fixed loan should be given to each

12 The children have to pay back slightly more money than they

Question 13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write your answer in box 13 on your answer

The writers conclude that money should only be lent to street children

A as part of a wider program of

B for programs that are not too

C when programs are supported by local

D if the projects planned are realistic and

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following

Questions 14-27

Reading Passage 2 has four sections

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings

Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer

List of Headings

I Causes of volcanic eruption

Ii Efforts to predict volcanic eruption

Iii Volcanoes and the features of our planet

Iv Different types of volcanic eruption

V International relief efforts

Vi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions

14 Section A

15 Section B

16 Section C

17 Section D

Volcanoes-earth-shattering news

When Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlines

A Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent

But the classic eruption — cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava — is only a tiny part of a global Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the The entire ocean floor has a basement of volcanic

Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and There are now about 600 active Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million That is enough rock to explain the continental

What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world’s We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we

B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack — like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much

Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‘flow’ like thick The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes And, very often,

C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more

Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma — molten rock from the mantle — inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian’s Wall in northern England). Sometimes — as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa — the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping

Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly It does not have time to cool as it surges The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle

The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates — the plates which make up the earth’s crust and The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ where there have been the most violent explosions — Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen’s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in

D But volcanoes are not very That is because geological time is not like human During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600

Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at on 8 May, Of a town of 28,000, only two people In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North Thousands starved as the harvests failed, after snow in June and frosts in Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet

Questions 18-21

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer

18 What are the sections of the earth’s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called?

19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle?

20 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called?

21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive?

Questions 22-26

Complete the summary

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer

Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22…… . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and When they become liquid, they move quickly through cracks in the There are different types of Sometimes the 23……. moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24…… . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25…… This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26…… are

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below

Obtaining Linguistic Data

A Many procedures are available for obtaining data about a They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one’s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at

B In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data — an Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language ( translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to But a linguist’s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child

C Many factors must be considered when selecting informants — whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting ( the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants ( their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to

D Today, researchers often tape-record This enables the linguist’s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate (‘difficult’ pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the ‘observer’s paradox’ (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact — a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style ( asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).

E An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist’s problems, Speech is often unclear and Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an

F Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques (‘How do you say table in your language?’). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame ( I___ see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction (‘Is it possible to say I no can see?’).

G A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different Its range and size are Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or

Questions 27-31

Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs labeled

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 27-31 on your answer

NB You may use any letter more than

27 the effect of recording on the way people talk

28 the importance of taking notes on body language

29 the fact that language is influenced by social situation

30 how informants can be helped to be less self-conscious

31 various methods that can be used to generate specific data

Questions 32-36

Complete the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer

METHODS OF OBTAINING LINGUISTIC DATA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

32……as informant convenient method of enquiry not objective enough

Non-linguist as informant necessary with 33…… and child speech the number of factors to be considered

Recording an informant allows linguists’ claims to be checked 34……of sound

Videoing an informant allows speakers’ 35…… to be observed 36……might miss certain things

Questions 37-40

Complete the summary of paragraph G

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer

A linguist can use a corpus to comment objectively on 37…… . Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a 38…… . The length of time the process takes will affect the 39…… of the No corpus can ever cover the whole language and so linguists often find themselves relying on the additional information that can be gained from the 40…… of those who speak the language

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第10篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1

AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS

A They play hard, they play often, and they play to Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional

B Inside the academies, science takes centre The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one — such as building muscle strength in golfers — to others, such as swimming and They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from They all focus on one aim: ‘We can’t waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don’t help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,’ says Peter Fricker, chief of science at

C A lot of their work comes down to measurement — everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a This data is used to wring improvements out of The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre No gain is too slight to bother It’s the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between From above, he analyses how her spine When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding Mason’s contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (Swimming Analysis) system now used in Australian national It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer’s performance into factors that can be analysed individually — stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each

D ‘Take a look,’ says Mason, pulling out a sheet of He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,’ says ‘If he can improve on his turns, he can do much ’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists’ research is bringing to a range of With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to There’s more to it than simply measuring Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a After years of experimentation, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes’ If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying

E Using data is a complex Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’, based on what they expect will be the winning ’ You design the model to make that time,’ says ’ A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these ’ All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world’s most successful sporting

F Of course, there’s nothing to stop other countries copying — and many have Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’ Now everyone uses The same has happened to the ‘altitude tent’, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea But Australia’s success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第11篇

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1

In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the

2 Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their

3 It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the ‘pure’ science that they study at

4 The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change

5 The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as ‘Are there any rainforests in Africa’

6 Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests’

7 The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of

8 A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children’s ideas about

Questions 9-13

The box below gives a list of responses A-P to the questionnaire discussed in Reading Passage

Answer the following questions by choosing the correct responses

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer

9 What was the children’s most frequent response when asked where the rainforests were

10 What was the most common response to the question about the importance of the rainforests

11 What did most children give as the reason for the loss of the rainforests

12 Why did most children think it important for the rainforests to be protected

13 Which of the responses is cited as unexpectedly uncommon, given the amount of time spent on the issue by the newspapers and television

A There is a complicated combination of reasons for the loss of the

B The rainforests are being destroyed by the same things that are destroying the forests of Western

C Rainforests are located near the

D Brazil is home to the

E Without rainforests some animals would have nowhere to

F Rainforests are important habitats for a lot of

G People are responsible for the loss of the

H The rainforests are a source of

I Rainforests are of consequence for a number of different

J As the rainforests are destroyed, the world gets

K Without rainforests there would not be enough oxygen in the

L There are people for whom the rainforests are

M Rainforests are found in

N Rainforests are not really important to human

O The destruction of the rainforests is the direct result of logging

P Humans depend on the rainforests for their continuing

Question 14

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D or

Write your answer in box 14 on your answer

Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 1

A The development of a programme in environmental studies within a science curriculum

B Children’s ideas about the rainforests and the implications for course design

C The extent to which children have been misled by the media concerning the rainforests

D How to collect, collate and describe the ideas of secondary school

E The importance of the rainforests and the reasons for their destruction

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第12篇

Question 1

答案：
ii

关键词：people power exercise

定位原文: A段第1句“In fact…”

解题思路：“The more democratic the process, the more public transport is ”就是暗示人民成功地履行了权利。

Question 2

答案：
vii

关键词：
increase travelling time

定位原文: B段最后1句“However…”

解题思路: 最后一句中的However是完成此题的关键。本段首句提到通勤时间在过去至少六百年中都维持不变，很有误导作用，但是接下来的However又引出 massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher, commuting 对应heading中的travelling。

故正确答案是vii。

Question 3

答案：
iv

关键词：higher incomes not more cars

定位原文: C段前两句“There is…”

解题思路: 第2句的refutes that 表示否定了第1句的观点，因此只有iv符合。

Question 4

答案：
i

关键词: avoid overcrowded centre

定位原文: D段最后1句“Instead…”

解题思路: instead是一个转折连接词，后面的观点与前者刚好相反。上一句说 pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach，刚好证明我们应该避免造成一个过度拥挤的市中心。

Question 5

答案：
iii

关键词：working together

定位原文: E段第3句“The explanation…”

解题思路: 定位句强调了人们在相关的领域一起工作非常重要，iii对应这个自然段内容。

Question 6

答案：
FALSE

关键词：ISTP study

定位原文: 第1段第2、3句“The study compared…”

解题思路: 原文说的是thirty-seven cities around the worlds，与题干表述相互抵触。

Question 7

答案：
TRUE

关键词：
efficient / improve the quality

定位原文: 第2段最后1句“ more efficient cities…”

解题思路: “创造出更好的居住环境”就是“改善了居民的居住环境”。

Question 8

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：inner-city/ tram network/ dangerous/ car drivers

定位原文: 第3段第3句“Melbourne’s large…”

解题思路: 谈到有轨电车系统使汽车的使用率降低了许多，但并未谈及私家车驾驶者。

Question 9

答案：FALSE

关键词：
Melbourne/ outer suburbs

定位原文: 第3段最后1句“The explosion…”

解题思路: as to =concerning 就……方面;关于。这句话正说明人们喜欢住在近郊而非远郊。

Question 10

答案：
TRUE

关键词：
bicycle/ public transport

定位原文: 第5段的唯一一句话“Bicycle use…”

解题思路: averagely good与 reasonable but not special是同义表达。

Question 11

答案: F

关键词：Perth

定位原文: 第2段第1句和第4句

解题思路: 第二段第一句说Perth有minimal public transport，即相当于题干中的limited public transport system，下面又说Perth之外的一些城市是more efficient cities，所以正确答案为F。

Question 12

答案：
D

关键词：Auckland

定位原文: 第7段第2句

解题思路: 提到 it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network，所以 Auckland 当然是hilly，既然“难以建立很好的轨道系统”，当然是不适合建这样的系统了。正确答案是D。

Question 13

答案：C

关键词：Portland

定位原文: A段的倒数第3句“The rail proposal…”

解题思路: 轨道运行良好肯定是盈利的。正确答案是C。

Test 2 Passage 2

Question 14

答案：B

关键词：proportion/people over 65/age-related medical problems

定位原文: 第2段第2句“ troubling a smaller proportion…”

解题思路: smaller 和falling 是隐晦的同义表达，B选项符合题意。

Question 15

答案：I

关键词：speed

定位原文: 第2段倒数第2句“the rate at which these diseases…”

解题思路: rate与speed是同义表达，可知正确答案是I。

Question 16

答案：F

关键词：past

定位原文: 第3段第2句“He says…”

解题思路: 第3段中提到the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-oId in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75，第二段提到数据是1994年采集的，所以1982代表了the past，疾病由65岁推迟到70或者75 岁才发作，显然是later。

Question 17

答案：M

关键词：due to developments

定位原文: 第4段第1句“…certain diseases are beating…”

解题思路: 第四段开头提到certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances，表明有些疾病是被医药进步打败的。advances和developments属于同义表达，medical和medicine是同源词。

Question 18

答案：J

关键词：improved

定位原文: 第4段第2、3句“…there may be other contributing Improvements…”

解题思路: 这个题找到定位句，没有什么难度，选择J。

Question 19

答案：N

关键词：other illnesses

定位原文: 第5段第2、3句“… poorer air quality/ worse and worse pollution…”

解题思路: 第五段提到An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air 和 exposed to worse and worse pollution, changes in personal habits与 changing smoking habits相对应。所以原文提供的另一因素poorer air quality就是与答案相关的内容。正确答案是N。

Question 20

答案：
K

关键词：link/life expectancy

定位原文: 第6段第1句“One interesting…”

解题思路: 第6段第1句中的correlation和live longer分别对应题干中的link和life expectancy，所以原文的better-educated就是答案的原形，被选项中只有K项的education与此相符。正确答案是K。

Question 21

答案：
G

关键词：considerable /reduction

定位原文: 第7段第3句“That represents…”

解题思路: considerable与significant、reduction与 drop分别为近义词，再根据第七段中a significant drop in the number of disabled old people，答案应为disabled。正确答案是G。

Question 22

答案：A

关键词：less/predicted

定位原文: 第7段最后一句“… less of a financial burden…”

解题思路: predicted与expected为同义表达，只需找 financial burden的同义表达就可以。正确答案是A。

Question 23

答案：G

关键词：home medical aids

定位原文: 第8段第1句“The increasing…”

解题思路: 许多老年人自理能力的增强可能与简易家庭医疗辅助用品的广泛使用有关。题干是将这句话反过来问简易家庭医疗辅助用品有什么作用，self-reliance与independent表达同样含义，所以选G。

Question 24

答案：
E

关键词：regular amounts of exercise

定位原文: 第9段第1句“…daily physical activity…”

解题思路: exercise 与physical activity 属于同义表达，regular与daily 属于同义表达，所以选E。

Question 25

答案：H

关键词：feelings of control over life

定位原文: 第10段倒数第2句“…felt in control of their lives…”

解题思路: 根据第10段中 challenging activities和 those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormone, challenging activities 与 difficult situations 属于同义表达，lower levels of stress hormones自然压力就小。正确答案是H。

Question 26

答案：C

关键词：
feelings of loneliness

定位原文: 第11段第2句“…emotionally isolated…”

解题思路: feelings of loneliness 与emotionally isolated 属于同义表达，所以选C。

Test 2 Passage 3

Question 27

答案: B

关键词：developed/system of numbering

定位原文: 第2段倒数第2句“As they began to settle…”

解题思路: sophisticated和number system分别与题干 developed和system of numbering属于同义表达，因此只要找出与grow plants and herd animals的同义表达项就可以，显然farming可以代替。因此正确答案为B。

Question 28

答案：
E

关键词：hand signal

定位原文: 第3段第3句“But in real situations…”

解题思路: 定位句之前所举的具体例子中表示数字的词有限，即题干E表达的the range of number words was restricted，gestures又与hand signal互为近义词。所以正确答案是E。

Question 29

答案：
A

关键词：
seventh-century Europe / count to a certain number

定位原文: 第4段中最后两句“The average person…”

解题思路: count to nine与count to a certain number属于同义表达，a witness in a court of law与题干A的fulfill a civic role属于同义表达。正确答案是A。

Question 30

答案：
C

关键词：
concept/ physical objects

定位原文: 第5段第1句“Perhaps…”;最后一句“ there, to arithmetic”

解题思路: 题干中 concepts 和 physical objects 分别与 abstract idea 和 particular objects互为近义词。正确答案是C。

Question 31

答案：
G

关键词：
class of item

定位原文: 第6段第1、2句“Traces of…”

解题思路: 根据第6段开头the very first stages和第二句中the class of the item得出正确答案是G。

Question 32

答案：TRUE

关键词：the earliest tribes

定位原文: 第2段第3句“ considerations would have…”

解题思路: 他们会更多地考虑“够了吗?”而不是“有多少?Sufficiency与 quantity 分别和Is this enough 与How many为同义转换关系。

Question 33

答案：FALSE

关键词：Tasmanians

定位原文: 第3段第2句“The indigenous peoples…”

解题思路: 只有三个词而不是四个。

Question 34

答案：
TRUE

关键词：peoples with simple number systems

定位原文: 第3段第3句“But in real situations…”

解题思路: accompanied by gesture to help resolve any confusion 与题干use body language to prevent…属于同义表达。

Question 35

答案：
FALSE

关键词：large numbers

定位原文: 第4段第1句“The lack of…”

解题思路: 一些文化缺少处理较大数字的能力，这并不令人惊讶。

这个意思与题干全然想矛盾。

Question 36

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：Anglo-Saxon

定位原文: 第4段第4句“ By the seventh…”

解题思路: 到公元7世纪，“teon” 一词变得可以与盎格鲁一撒克逊语中的词语文中对应点“tachund”或“hund”相互交换，因此100可表示为“hund teontig”或者“十乘十”。并没有提到“千”。

Question 37

答案：TRUE

关键词：seventh-century Europe

定位原文: 第4段最后两句“The average person…”

解题思路: 数到9就可以作证人，足见计数能力之差。

Question 38

答案：FALSE

关键词：Tsimshian language

定位原文: 第6段第2句“The numeration…”

解题思路: 题干意思与原文相驳斥。这个题比较容易判断。

Question 39

答案：TRUE

关键词: Tsimshian language

定位原文: 第6段倒数第2句“It seems that…”

解题思路: 看起来最后一组词语是后来发展的，而前六组则带有古代计数方法的痕迹。所以题目说的有新旧两套计数系统是正确的。

Question 40

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：early peoples / fingers / pebbles

定位原文: 第7段第2句“Counting is not directly…”

解题思路: 计算与数字概念的形成并非直接相关，因为我们完全有可能将被计数的物品用一堆石子、一把谷粒或者计数者的手指代替来进行计算。没有提到二者简易度的比较。

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第13篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1

A Chronicle of Timekeeping

Our conception of time depends on the way we measure it

A According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet"s revolution around the

B Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar

C Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500

D In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun"s The sundial"s counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern

E The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and "great clock" hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at Eventually these were superseded by "small clock", or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at

F The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very

G To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship"s The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather

H Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to

Questions 1-4

Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs,

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer

1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures

2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendar

in farming communities

3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock

4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time using

uniform hours

Questions 5-8

Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of nationalities

Match each event with the correct nationality,

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 5-8 on your answer

5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in

6 They divided the day into two equal

7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of

8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work

List of Nationalities

A Babylonians

B Egyptians

C Greeks

D English

E Germans

F French

Questions 9-13

Label the diagram

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer

图片10

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading

Passage 2 on the following

Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs,

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer

List of Headings

i Disobeying FAA regulations

ii Aviation disaster prompts action

iii Two coincidental developments

iv Setting altitude zones

v An oversimplified view

vi Controlling pilots’ licences

vii Defining airspace categories

viii Setting rules to weather conditions

ix Taking off safely

x First steps towards ATC

14 Paragraph A

Example Answer

Paragraph B x

15 Paragraph C

16 Paragraph D

17 Paragraph E

18 Paragraph F

19 Paragraph G

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

IN THE USA

A An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the

B Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for The first region to have something approximating today"s ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon

C In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America"s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots" margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the

D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation"s airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to This is a very incomplete part of the The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of

E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled

F The FAA then recognised two types of operating In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane"s instrument panel to fly On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot"s license that must also be

G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft This is because ATC control of the entire space is Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their

Questions 20-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet

21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in

22 Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC

23 Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War

24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near

25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use

26 A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3

TELEPATHY

Can human beings communicate by thought alone? For more than a century the issue of telepathy has divided the scientific community, and even today it still sparks bitter controversy among top academics

Since the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in dozens of rigorous scientific The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered

Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is Other parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of collapse, having tried to produce definitive scientific proof and Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called "ganzfeld" experiments, a German term that means "whole field". Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve "signals" passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation — like tranquillity in a relaxing "whole field" of light, sound and

The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in only soft pink In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image The idea was that a person acting as a "sender" would attempt to beam the image over to the "receiver" relaxing in the sealed Once the session was over, this person was asked to identify which of the four images had been Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent; if telepathy is real, however, the hit-rate would be In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers, the American parapsychologist Charles They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent — a small effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to

The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for But there was a crucial flaw in this argument — one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were many other ways of getting positive These ranged from "sensory leakage" — where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver — to outright In response, the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future

After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests — an automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the random selection of By minimising human involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a "meta-analysis", a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of Though less compelling than before, the outcome was still

Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld Defenders of telepathy point out that demanding impressive evidence from every study ignores one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples to detect small If, as current results suggest, telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the 25 per cent expected by chance, it"s unlikely to be detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 people: the group is just not big Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really become And that is what researchers do seem to be

What they are certainly not finding, however, is any change in attitude of mainstream scientists: most still totally reject the very idea of The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for

Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical They include "quantum entanglement", in which events affecting one group of atoms instantly affect another group, no matter how far apart they may While physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms, no-one knows if it also exists between atoms making up human Answering such questions would transform This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more evidence for telepathy, but in probing possible Some work has begun already, with researchers trying to identify people who are particularly successful in autoganzfeld Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average: in one study at the University of Edinburgh, musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the researchers the evidence they are seeking and strengthen the case for the existence of

Questions 27-30

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G,

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-30 on your answer

27 Researchers with differing attitudes towards telepathy agree on

28 Reports of experiences during meditation indicated

29 Attitudes to parapsychology would alter drastically with

30 Recent autoganzfeld trials suggest that success rates will improve with

A the discovery of a mechanism for telepathy

B the need to create a suitable environment for

C their claims of a high success

D a solution to the problem posed by random

E the significance of the ganzfeld

F a more careful selection of

G a need to keep altering

Questions 31-40

Complete the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 31-40 on your answer

Telepathy Experiments

Name/Date

Description Result Flaw

Ganzfeld

Studies

1982 Involved a person

acting as a

who picked out one

a random selection

of four, and a

,

who then tried to

identify Hit-rates were

higher than with

random Positive results

could be produced

by factors such as

.

Autoganzfeld

studies

1987

were used for key

tasks to limit the

amount of

in carrying out the

The results were

then subjected to

a The

between different

test results was

put down to the

fact that sample

groups were not

(as

with most ganzfeld

Studies).

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第14篇

Passage 1

Question 1

参考译文：
风向的运动：____更加无法预测。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为spread

关键词：movement

定位原文：
第 1 段最后1句“The wildfire than in the past” 专家表示，总的来说， 现在的森林大火比过去温度更高，蔓延的得更快，扩散踪迹更为飘忽不定。

解题思路：
原文中erratically与题目中unpredictably属于同义替换，因此spread为movement的特点。

Question 2

参考译文：火势的大小，比过去20年前平均大了_____。

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为10/ten times

关键词：
size of fires

定位原文：第 2 段第 1 句“…10 times the size of years ” 这种大火烧毁的土地面积相当于20年前一般森林大火破坏面积的10倍。

解题思路：原文中 10 times the size of average 与题目中 greater on average than 属于同义替换，因此应当填入10/ten times。

Question 3

参考译文：降水：____平均值。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为

关键词：
rainfall

定位原文：
第3段第1句“One explanation for the trend to…in many recent ” 关于频发超级火灾这—趋势，其屮-个解释便是该地区通常夏天干燥，且近几年降水远远低于正常水平。

解题思路：原文中 precipitation、normal 与题目中 rainfall 、average 分别属于同义替换，因此应当填入below。

Question 4

参考译文：
更多的灌木丛被用于_____

难度及答案：难度低;答案为fuel

关键词：
brush

定位原文：
第 3 段最后1句话 “The unintentional primary fuel for ”由此产生了无意识的后果，中断了灌木丛自然的根除过程，现在致使灌木丛成为特大火灾的主要燃料。

解题思路：根据原文可知brush的特性，原文underbrush与题目中brush属于同义替换. 因此空格应填入fuel。

Question 5

参考译文：
扩大的火灾____

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为seasons

关键词：
extended fire

定位原文：
第 4 段第 3 句 “Second is fire seasons 20 years ” 第二点是火险季节相比20年前平均延长了78天。

解题思路：
根据原文可知有什么东西在过去的20年里变长了。因此答案为seasons。

Question 6

参考译文：
更多的______建在容易着火的区域。

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为homes/housing

关键词：
more building

定位原文：
第 4 段最后一句 “Third is increased construction of ” 第三，是在多树地区，房屋的不断扩建。

解题思路：
根据原文可知homes变多了，因此可以填入homes/housing。

Question 7

参考译文：
在加利福尼亚州的空旷土地的数量在过去的十年里已经减少了很多。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为TRUE

关键词：
open space 、diminished

定位原文：
第6段第1句“In California, where…”至少十多年来，加利福尼亚州平均每年增加60多万人口，越来越多的住宅正在建造当中。

解题思路：
原文中有a decade对应题目问的last ten years，且原文提到有更多的住房被建造，与题目中space属于同义替换，因此答案为TRUE。

Question 8

参考译文：
很多专家认为加利福尼亚州的灭火准备工作没有进展。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为FALSE

关键词：
many experts 、 little progress

定位原文：
第 7 段第 1 句 “That said killed numerous ” 据称，有史以来最大的几场火灾烤焦了成千上万英亩的土地， 烧毁了数以万计的房屋， 烧死大量的居民之后，许多专家给予了加利福尼亚州相当高的评价，因其近几年来在消防准备工作中取得的进步。

解题思路：
根据关键词定位至第7段，找到experts的态度，experts的态度为high marks on making progress on preparedness，因此与题目不符合，为 FALSE。

Question 9

参考译文：
消防工作人员过去被指责错误地处理火灾。

难度及答案：
难度难;答案为TRUE

关键词：
personnel 、 criticize for mishandling fire containment

定位原文：
第 7 段最后一句 “Stung in the past…previously，observers ” 观察家们表示这些火灾本该受到控制却依旧蔓延开来，相关部门过去被严厉指责为工作不力。如今，他们正面临着来自周边地区和峡谷的前所未有的巨大挑战。

解题思路：
该题难点在于对应原文为长难句，通过对对应原文的解读，可知题干所描述内容与原文相符，因此为TRUE。

Question 10

参考译文：加利福尼亚已经更换了一批消防用具。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为TRUE

关键词：
arrange of firefighting tools

定位原文：
第 8 段第 1 句 “State promises to provide…” 州政府已经实现了关于提供更多先进的消防车、飞机和直升机以对抗火灾的承诺。

解题思路：
通过对应原文可知，题干所描述事件正确因此为true。

Question 11

参考译文：
已经雇佣了更多的消防人员来提高处理火灾的能力。

难度及答案：
难度中;答案为NOT GIVEN

关键词：
More firefighters

定位原文：无

解题思路：
因为原文中无法找到题干所描述的事件，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 12

参考译文：居民和政府组织不同意不同的州和社会组织之间的合作-

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为FALSE

关键词：disapprove 、 working together

定位原文：
第 8 段第 3 句 “We are pleased that…of the firefighters ” “我们很高兴现任加利福尼亚州的行政部门.非常积极主动地支持我们，同时已经通过了我们渴望已久的、满足基础设施需求的预算支持方案。”消防队联盟的麦克黑尔先生表示。

解题思路：
根据对应原文，发现居民和政府对于州际之间联合是proactive的态度，而是题干中所说的disapprove，因此为FALSE。

Question 13

参考译文：Randy Jacobs认为因为火灾而失去生命的人的数量不会改变，尽管(在救火能力上)已经有了改变。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为FALSE

关键词：
Randy Jacobs、the same

定位原文：
第 10 段最后—句 “Notwithstanding all the , he ” “尽管由森林 大火引起的损失还将持续，但我们不会像过去那样蒙受生命损失了，因为火灾预防和消防措施已经到位。”他说道。

解题思路：
由原文可知we will no longer endured in the 题干描述与之不符, 因此为FALSE。

Passage 2

Questions 14-15

参考译文：传统意义上，心理学家认为人的性格是不可能____并且在一个人_____时候，性格就已经定型了。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为 transformation/change; young age

关键词：第1空的关键闻为traditionally believe、impossible;第二空的关键词为person"s character tend to be

定位原文：A 部分第 1 段第 1 句 “Psychologists have long…a very young ” 心理学家 长期以来持有一种观点，即人们的性格在任何有意义的方式下都不会经受改变， 并且人们的主要性格特点在小时候就已经确定了。

解题思路：根据对应原文发现原文有两个分句刚好对应题目的两个空格，从and前的分句中 cannot undergo 对应 impossible, 因此第 1 个空格为 transformation 从第2空格句中发现空格前有定冠词“a”，且traits of personality对应person"s characteristics，determined 对应 fixed，因此第 2 空为 young age。

Questions 16

参考译文：
其中一个最容易获得的品质是___。

难度及答案：
难度高;答案为optimism

关键词：
the easiest qualities

定位原文：
A部分第2段第1句“Some of ”有一些品质没有另一些品质如此难以开发，乐观这个品质就是其中一个。

解题思路：
从对应原文中找到比较级，原文中出现比较级的部分一般为考点。文中指出有一些品质没有另外一些品质那么难养成，乐观(optimism)就是其中一个，与 one of the easiest 对应，此空格填 optimism。

Questions 17

参考译文：
但是，不管是哪种品行，人们都有必要学习各种各样的______以发展新的品行。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为skills/techniques 。

关键词：learn、 a wide variety of

定位原文：
A部分第2段第2句“However, developing sometimes ”但是，人们想要开发这些品质要求掌握一系列的技巧，这些技巧五花八门，有时候还可能让人很吃惊。

解题思路：
原文中的learn、a range of与题目中master、a wide variety of 分别为同义替换，因此此空可填 techniques/skills。

Questions 18

参考译文：
例如，一个人必须要明白和感受一些目的是提高他们的快乐程度。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为 negative emotions/feelings

关键词：
understand and feel 、 increase their happiness

定位原文：
A部分第2段第3句“For example, to bring more…” 例如，你如果想为你的生活增加更多的快乐和激情，你必须敞开胸怀对待消极的情绪。

解题思路：
原文中 bring more joy and passion in my life、experience 与題干中 increase their happiness、understand and fed分别属于同义替换。因此，本题答案为 negative, emotion。

Questions 19

参考译文：
他们必须接受这个事实，即人们在第一次尝试一些新事物的时候知道的不多。

难度及答案：难度高;答案为E

关键词：
accept、 first trying something new

定位原文：
F 部分第 3，4 句 “Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this…he ” 心理学家 Todd Kashdan提供了这类的建议给人们去获取这些新的激情。他说：“作为一个新人，你通常需要去忍受并嘲笑自己的无知。你必须接受那些消极的情绪。”

解题思路：
在对应原文中找到Kashdan的态度，原文中own ignorance、accept与題干中 they do not know、tolerate and laugh at your own 分别属于同义替换，因此此题配对E项。

Question 20

参考译文：
去主动留意美好的事情对一个人是很重要的。

难度答案：
难度高;答案为C

关键词：
actively notice、 good things happen

定位原文：
D段第2句“She recommends you about each ”她建议人们应该训练自己去关注那些美好的事情并且记录下每天发生的三件美好的事情。这样做有助于自己说服自己让人开心的事情每时每刻都在发生，也更加容易使你采取实际的行动(去做积极的事情)。

解题思路：
参照对应原文，找到了Segerstrom的态度，原文中train yourselves to pay attention to、positive things that come about each day 与题干中的actively notice、good things happen分别属于同义替换，因此此题答案为C。

Question 21

参考译文：勇气是可以学习的，只要人们意识到勇气源于责任感。

难度及答案：难度高;答案为G

关键词：
courage、 sense of responsibilities

定位原文：
H 部分第 I 段第 5 句 “According to Cynthia ” 根据一位来自克莱姆森大学的心理学会Cynthia Pury的观点，Pedeleose的故事证明了一个观点，这个观点就是勇气不是被无畏所激发，而是通过道德责任所激发。

解题思路：
参照对应原文，原文中moral obligation与题干中sense of responsibilities属于同义替换，且由原文中可知courage是obligation产生的，因此此題答案为G。

Question 22

参考译文：
当面对需要在公众面前演讲的需求时，害羞是可以被克服的。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为A

关键词：
overcome shyness、speak in public

定位原文：
B部分第3句“So he learned to be…his ”因此，他开始学怎样变得亲和， 怎样活跃他的课堂。

解题思路：
根据对应原文，原文中 be more outgoing、entertain his classes 与题干中 overcome shyness、speak in the public分别属于同义替换，因此本题答案为A。

Question 23

参考译文：提到了关于提到如何理性的思考，从而达到生理上的目标。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为E

关键词：rational thinking、physical goals

定位原文：
E 部分第 5 句 “Streeter learned to and mind could ” Streeter 通过判断自己身体和心理可以承受的程度，学习了如何去解除她的恐惧。

解题思路：
题干中rational thinking对应原文learn to untangle her fears，原文全句表达了 Streeter战胜了她心理上和生理上的恐惧，达到了自己的目标，即为题干中的 physical goals，因此此题匹配E段。

Question 24

参考译文：解释一个人是如何克服悲伤的心情的经历。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为C

关键词：overcome a sad experience

定位原文：
C部分全文，再发生了一场终止他运动生涯的意外时，David Fajgenbaum也做过相似的性格转换，那时他正准备上大学。在大学校园里，他很快发现：除了普通的询问，学校里并没有为像他那样正在经受生理恢复和心理沮丧的学生提供服务。

他因此发起了一个提供服务小组去帮助其他的那些和他有着相似境况的人。他对于这样的情况采取了行动，尽管他自己也在经受运伤痛，这是一种积极者的反应。

解题思路：
C段全文在描写David Fajgenbaum在事故之运如何以一种乐观的心态面对已经积极的帮助他人的。因此匹配C段。

Question 25

参考译文：
描述一个人如何决定去重新思考自己的学术研究之路。

难度及答案：
难度高;答案为G

关键词：
rethink their academic career path

定位原文：
G部分第1段，在20XX年，医学科学家Mauro Zappaterra开始在哈佛大学医学院开展他的博士学位的研究。不幸的是，他相当痛苦，因为他的研究与他所好奇的关于治疗相关疾病的方案不相符合。最终他在Santa Fe休息了一段时间，在这八个月的时间里，Zappaterra学到一种没有在哈佛学过的可替代的治疗技术。当回来的时候，他改变了他的实验项目，转而研究脑脊髓液是如何滋养神经系统的发展。他也发誓要在一切事物中，包括失败中，寻找快乐。因为失败可以帮助他了解自己的研究和他自身。

解题思路：
G段描述了 Zappaterra这个人从事的研究方向。从G段第四句描述了 Zappaterra 转变了自己的研究方向，因此该题匹配G段。

Question 26

参考译文：举例说明一个人出于责任感不惜以自己的事业作为代价.

难度及答案; 难度中等;答案为H

关键词：
risked his career、sense of duty

定位原文：
H部分第 1 段第 3 句“ The new manger was intimidating be ” 一个新上任的经理恐吓员工，Pedeleose明知自己的事业会遭到威胁，仍仔细地录下他每次作恶的片段，并且最终将证据交给高级主管。

解题思路：
原文以Pedeleose为例，讲述他出于道义举报领导的不良行为的事迹。文中的 his own job security would be threatened 与题目中的 risked his career属于同义替换。

Passage 3

Question 27

参考译文：
当讨论Louis Dollo的理论时,作者说____

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为C。

关键词：
Louis Dollo

定位原文：
第3段第2, 3句“In ”在1890年，他提出进化是不可以逆转的：“一个有机体不能够回转到之前它的祖先已经实现了的阶段，哪怕只是一部分。” 在20世纪早期，生物学家得出一个相似的结论，即尽管他们认同返祖现象的可能性，并表示没有理由证明为什么进化不能被反向运行，但他们就是认为发生的可能性极小。

解题思路：
根据关键词Louis Dollo定位至第3段，得知他提出进化是不可逆转的，可是20世纪的时候，生物学家认为没有原因不可逆转，也就是进化是可逆转的。所 以是答案C。

Question 28

参考译文：
文中提到在Vancouver岛附近捉到的座头鲸，因为_____。

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为D

关键词：
humpback whale、vancouver

定位原文：
第4段前4句“If Dollo’”如果多洛氏法则是正确的，返祖现象就算真的有， 应该也很少发生。然而，几乎自这种想法产生起，就已经出现特例了。比如， 在1919年，一头座头鲸在加拿大温哥华岛被捕获，它带有一双长达1米、像脚的附肢，且有着一套完整的肢骨。探险家Roy Chapman Andrews在那时表明这头鲸鱼一定是某种陆地生活的祖先动物的反向进化结果。

解题思路：
原文中对于座头鲸的特征有详细的描述，为什么长成这个样子也做出了解释，说是一种反向进化的结果。所以选择D。

Question 29

参考译文：
关于“休眠基因”有何描述?

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为C

关键词：
silent genes

定位原文：
第5段最后一句“If ”如果这些休眠基因在以某种方式再次激活，他们表示，生物长时间丢失的特征可以重现。

解题思路：
关键词silent genes 在原文中重现。long-lost traits 替换了 certain characteristics，原文中的 reappear替换了 re-emergence。

Question 30

参考译文：
作者提到鼹钝口螈，因为_____

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为B

关键词：
mole salamander

定位原文：
第7段第1句及最后—句“As a possible ”作为一个有可能例证的事件， 团队列举了墨西哥和加利福尼亜的鼹钝口螈。鼹钝口螈的例子与Raff的1000万年的学说框架相符合。

解题思路：
找到mole salamander这个例子并不难，难度在于解题点在这段的最后一句话， 距离有点远而已。原文最后一句fits With与选项B中的correct属于同义替换c。证明Raff的理论是正确的。

Question 31

参考译文：
下面哪一个是Wagner的理论?

难度及答案：难度低;答案为A

关键词：
Wagner

定位原文：
第8段第2句到段尾“In a ”在一个去年发表的文章中，耶鲁大学的生物学家Gunter Wagner汇报了一些关于南美蜥蜴Bachia进化史研究的工作。

它们中的一些拥有非常小的肢节;有一些看起来更像蛇而非蜥錫;有一些完全失去了后肢的趾头。然而，其他的则彰显出了后肢的四个趾头。

最简单的解释就是这些有趾的蜥蜴品种从没有失去过趾头，但Wagner并不认同。根据他对 Bachia的族谱的区别，有趾的物种从它们无趾的祖先进化而成，更有甚者，脚趾的消失和产生在过去的数百万年间发生过不止一次。

解题思路：
根据关键词Wagner定位至第8段。最后一句中的re-evolved、loss and gain和 occurred on more than one occasion 与选项 A 中的 lost and regained several times属于同义替换。

Question 32

参考译文：
很长一段时间，生物学家都拒绝____。

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为F

关键词：
for a long time、biologist、rejected

定位原文：第1段第2句“For the better part…”在一个世纪的大部分时间里，大多数生物学家不愿意用反向进化等这些词，他们铭记着一个进化原则即“进化是不可以反向运行的”。

解题思路：
这个題不难，原文中for the better part of a century替换了 for a long time，原文中reluctant 替换了 rejected。

Question 33

参考译文：
对于返祖进化持有相对立的观点代表有_____。

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为G

关键词：
opposing views

定位原文：
第3段第1句“While ”当Lombroso在观测犯人时，一位比利时的古生物学家Louis Dollo正在研究化石记录并得出了相反的结论。

解题思路：
根据关键词opposing views定位到第3句opposite condusion，句话里的两个人的意见是相反的。

Question 34

参考译文：
反向进化的例子导致了____。

难度及答案：
难度中等;答案为A

关键词：
examples 、 led to

定位原文：
第5段前两句“Since ”自从那时起，很多其他的例子已被发现，所以进化是不可逆转的这种观点再也无法成立了。这同时产生了困惑：消失了几千万年的特征是如何能重新出现的?

解题思路：
关键词examples中原文中重现。原文中propose与题目中led to属于同义替换， 原文中 characteristics that disappeared millions of years ago 与选项 A 中 long?est traits 也属于同义替换。

Question 35

参考译文：
提到鲨鱼和虎鲸是为了

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为B

关键词：
shark、killer whale

定位原文：
倒数第2段第2句“One possibility is…”其中一个可能性就是这三种特性只是失去了，之后又简单地重现。这就像相似的结构可以独立地产生在没有血缘关系的物种中，就像鲨鱼和虎鲸的背部的鳍一样。

解题思路：
根据关键词定位至倒数第2段。原文中similar structures替换了选项B中的particular feature，原文中 unrelated species 替换了选项 B 中的 different species。

Question 36

参考译文：Wabner 的研究成果的解释之一是

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为

关键词：
explanation finding、Wagner

定位原文：
倒数第2段第3句‘Another ” 另一种更加有吸引力的可能性是那些用来生长趾头的基因信息在蜥蜴上存活了几百或者是几千万年，并且这种基因信息被重新激活了。

解题思路：
倒数第2段讲了 Wagner的发现。原文中的possibility与题目中的explanation 属于同义替换。原文中survive与选项D中continued existence属于同义替换。

Question 37

参考译文：
Wagner是第一个做南美洲蜥蜴研究的人。

答案及难度：
难度低;答案为NOT GIVEN .

关键词：
Wagner 、south American lizards

定位原文：
第8段第2 句 “In a ” 在一个去年发表的文章中，耶鲁大学的生物学家 Gunter Wagner汇报了一些关于南美蜥蜴Bachia进化史研究的工作。

解题思路：
在文中并没有提到Wagner是否是第一人，所以未提及。

Question 38

参考译文：
Wagner相信有趾头的Bachia撕锡，其祖先并没有趾头。

难度及答案: 难度低; 答案为YES

关键词：
Bachia lizards，toeless、ancestors

定位原文：
第8段最后两句“The ,”最简单的解释就是这些有趾的蜥蜴品种从没有失去过趾头， 但Wagner并不认同。根据他对Bachia的族谱的区别，有趾的物种从它们无趾的祖先进化而成，更有甚者，脚趾的消失和产生在过去的数百万年间发生过不止一次。

解题思路：关键词Bachia和toeless在文中重现，根锯Wagner的调查.它们是从toeless ancestors进化来的;文中内容与题目一致。

Question 39

参考译文：
胚胎时期，短暂出现了消失很久的特点的这种情况是非常少见的。

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为NO。

关键词：
embryos

定位原文：
最后1段第3句话 “Early ”许多物种早期的胚胎发展出了祖先的特性。

解题思路：
关键词embryos在文中重现。原文中说这种现象存在于许多物种中(many species),可是题目说这个现象非常少见(rare)，所以很明显矛盾。其中，原文中ancestral features与题目中long-lost trails 属于同义替换。

Question 40

参考译文：
反向进化可能是由于子宫内的发展问题

难度及答案：
难度低;答案为YES

关键词：
womb、developmental

定位原文：
最后1段最后两句“Later in ”这些特性在后期发展中由于某些进化程式消失了，该程式可能导致“腿部的消失”。如果因为任何原因这些事情没有发生，祖先的种.种特性也许就不会消失，导致返祖现象。

解题思路：
根据关键间womb和developmental定位至最后一段。

原文中thanks to 中caused by属于同义替换。最后一句说，如果发展的过程没有进行的话，那么就会造成返祖现象，与题目一致，所以答案为YES。

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第15篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are based on Reading Passage 1

Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes — about the duration of a normal classroom In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests — what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them — independent of any formal It is also possible that some of these ideas will be

Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular Sometimes this information may be It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their

Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their

The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. Some children described them as damp, wet or The second question concerned the geographical location of The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the

Responses to question three concerned the importance of The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal

Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal

The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging

One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on

In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not

The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of

Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the

2 Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their

3 It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the ‘pure’ science that they study at

4 The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change

5 The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as ‘Are there any rainforests in Africa?’

6 Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests’

7 The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of

8 A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children’s ideas about

Questions 9-13

The box below gives a list of responses A-P to the questionnaire discussed in Reading Passage

Answer the following questions by choosing the correct responses

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer

9 What was the children’s most frequent response when asked where the rainforests were?

10 What was the most common response to the question about the importance of the rainforests?

11 What did most children give as the reason for the loss of the rainforests?

12 Why did most children think it important for the rainforests to be protected?

13 Which of the responses is cited as unexpectedly uncommon, given the amount of time spent on the issue by the newspapers and television?

A There is a complicated combination of reasons for the loss of the

B The rainforests are being destroyed by the same things that are destroying the forests of Western

C Rainforests are located near the

D Brazil is home to the

E Without rainforests some animals would have nowhere to

F Rainforests are important habitats for a lot of

G People are responsible for the loss of the

H The rainforests are a source of

I Rainforests are of consequence for a number of different

J As the rainforests are destroyed, the world gets

K Without rainforests there would not be enough oxygen in the

L There are people for whom the rainforests are

M Rainforests are found in

N Rainforests are not really important to human

O The destruction of the rainforests is the direct result of logging

P Humans depend on the rainforests for their continuing

Question 14

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D or

Write your answer in box 14 on your answer

Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 1?

A The development of a programme in environmental studies within a science curriculum

B Children’s ideas about the rainforests and the implications for course design

C The extent to which children have been misled by the media concerning the rainforests

D How to collect, collate and describe the ideas of secondary school

E The importance of the rainforests and the reasons for their destruction

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2

What Do Whales Feel?

An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises

Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are

The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free-ranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched

The sense of vision is developed to different degree in different Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater — specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whale and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii — have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic

On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the

Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded The South American boutu and Chinese Beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of

Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid

echolocation: the perception of objects by means of sound wave

Questions 15-21

Complete the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for each

Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer

SENSE SPECIES ABILITY COMMENTS

Smell toothed no evidence from brain structure

baleen not certain related brain structures are present

Taste some types poor nerves linked to their 15………are underdeveloped

Touch all yes region around the blowhole very sensitive

Vision 16……… yes probably do not have stereoscopic vision

Dolphins, porpoises yes probably have stereoscopic vision 17………and………

18………

yes probably have stereoscopic vision forward and upward

Bottlenose dolphins yes exceptional in 19………and good in air-water interface

Boutu and beiji poor have limited vision

Indian susu no probably only sense direction and intensity of light

Hearing most large baleen yes usually use 20………; repertoire limited

21………whales and ………whales

yes song-like

Toothed yes use more of frequency spectrum; have wider repertoire

Questions 22-26

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer

22 Which of the senses is described here as being involved in mating?

23 What species swims upside down while eating?

24 What can bottlenose dolphins follow from under the water?

25 Which type of habitat is related to good visual ability?

26 Which of the senses is best developed in cetaceans?

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3

Visual Symbols and the Blind

Part 1

From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in But pictures are more than literal This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle ( 1). I was taken Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figures until about

When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s spokes as curved When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines — or any other kind of line, for that matter? The answer was not So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of

To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of

All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought, suggested that the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning

In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was the favoured description for the blind in every What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted

Part 2

Words associated Agreement

with circle/square among

subjects (%)

SOFT-HARD 100

MOTHER-FATHER 94

HAPPY-SAD 94

GOOD-EVIL 89

LOVE-HATE 89

ALIVE-DEAD 87

BRIGHT-DARK 87

LIGHT-HEAVY 85

WARM-COLD 81

SUMMER-WINTER 81

WEAK-STRONG 79

FAST-SLOW 79

CAT-DOG 74

SPRING-FALL 74

QUIET-LOUD 62

WALKING-STANDING 62

ODD-EVEN 57

FAR-NEAR 53

PLANT-ANIMAL 53

DEEP-SHALLOW 51

2 Subjects were asked which word in each pair fits best with a circle and which with a These percentages show the level of consensus among sighted

We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart — choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from China, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their

We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to a For example, we asked: What goes with soft? A circle or a square? Which shape goes with hard?

All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to (See ) When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning ‘far’ to square and ‘near’ to In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects — 53% — had paired far and near to the opposite Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people

Questions 27-29

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write your answers in boxes 27-29 on your answer

27 In the first paragraph the writer makes the point that blind

A may be interested in studying

B can draw outlines of different objects and

C can recognise conventions such as

D can draw

28 The writer was surprised because the blind woman

A drew a circle on her own

B did not understand what a wheel looked

C included a symbol representing

D was the first person to use lines of

29 From the experiment described in Part 1, the writer found that the blind subjects

A had good understanding of symbols representing

B could control the movement of wheels very

C worked together well as a group in solving

D got better results than the sighted

Questions 30-32

Look at the following diagrams (Questions 30-32), and the list of types of movement Match each diagram to the type of movement A-E generally assigned to it the Choose the correct letter A-E and write them in boxes 30-32 on your answer

A steady spinning

B jerky movement

C rapid spinning

D wobbling movement

E use of brakes

Questions 33-39

Complete the summary below using words from the

Write your answers in boxes 33-39 on your answer

NB You may use any word more than

In the experiment described in Part 2, a set of word 33…… was used to investigate whether blind and sighted people perceived the symbolism in abstract 34…… in the same Subjects were asked which word fitted best with a circle and which with a From the 35… volunteers, everyone thought a circle fitted ‘soft’ while a square fitted ‘hard’.

However, only 51% of the 36…… volunteers assigned a circle to 37…… . When the test was later repeated with 38…… volunteers, it was found that they made 39……

associations blind deep hard

hundred identical pairs shapes

sighted similar shallow soft

words

Question 40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or

Write your answer in box 40 on your answer

Which of the following statements best summarises the writer’s general conclusion?

A The blind represent some aspects of reality differently from sighted

B The blind comprehend visual metaphors in similar ways to sighted

C The blind may create unusual and effective symbols to represent

D The blind may be successful artists if given the right

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第16篇

PASSAGE 1 参考译文：

Doctoring sales

Pharmaceuticals is one of the most profitable industries in North But do the drugs industry’s sales and marketing strategies go too far?

医药营销

制药业是北美地区利润最大的行业之一。但是制药业的销售和市场策略是否太过火了?

A A few months ago Kim Schaefer, sales representative of a major global pharmaceutical company, walked into a medical center in New York to bring information and free samples of her company’s latest That day she was lucky — a doctor was available to see ‘The last rep offered me a trip to What do you have?’ the physician He was only half

A 几个月前，Kim Schaefer，一家全球主要制药公司的销售代表，带着公司新药的资料和免费试用品走进了纽约的一家医疗中心。那天，她非常幸运地见到了一位医生。“上一位销售代表给我提供了一趟到佛罗里达的旅行，你能提供什么呢? ”医生这样半开玩笑地问道。

B What was on offer that day was a pair of tickets for a New York But on any given day, what Schaefer can offer is typical for today’s drugs rep — a car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small country, hundreds of free drug samples and the freedom to give a physician 200toprescribehernewproducttothenextsixpatientswhofitthedrug′′,000 honoraria to offer in exchange for doctors’ attendance at her company’s next educational

B 那天给医生提供的是纽约一场音乐喜剧的双人套票。但是通常，Schaeffer所能提供的只是当今的医药代表一般能够提供的东西— 一车厢用于促销的礼物和小玩意，能支付一个小地区买午餐和晚餐的预算，数百个药物免费试用品，并可以支付给医生200美元，用以给其接下来的六个适宜使用她带来的新药品的患者开药。同时，她还可以给医生1000美元的谢礼作为医生参加公司下次教育讲座的费用。

C Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical Salespeople like Schaefer walk the line between the common practice of buying a prospect’s time with a free meal, and bribing doctors to prescribe their They work in an industry highly criticized for its sales and marketing practices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg question — businesses won’t use strategies that don’t work, so are doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of pharmaceutical marketing? Or is it the industry’s responsibility to decide the boundaries?

C 做医药销售工作其实每天是在做伦理评判。像Schaefer这样的销售人员通常游走于两条路请可能购买药品的人吃一顿饭，向医生行贿以使其为病人开自己公司的药品。他们从事因销售和营销方式备受批评的行业，却发现自己陷于一个蛋生鸡、鸡生蛋的老问题中——商业不会采取没有效用的策略，那么医生是否应该为药品销售的过度铺张受到谴责呢?抑或是划定界限的责任应该由制药行业承担?

D The explosion in the sheer number of salespeople in the field — and the amount of funding used to promote their causes — forces close examination of the pressures, influences and relationships between drug reps and Salespeople provide much-needed information and education to In many cases the glossy brochures, article reprints and prescriptions they deliver are primary sources of drug education for healthcare With the huge investment the industry has placed in face-to-face selling, salespeople have essentially become specialists in one drug or group of drugs — a tremendous advantage in getting the attention of busy doctors in need of quick

D 这个行业中行销人员数目的增长以及推销该产品所用资金的增加，都使得有必要进一步审视医药销售 人员和医生之间存在的压力关系、相互影响和相互作用。销售人员向医生提供急需的信息和教育。很多情况下，光鲜的小册子、打印的文章和处方是销售人员向医疗护理人员提供的主要资源。通过巨大的投资，这个行业建立了面对面的销售方式，销售人员本质上已经成为某一种药品或者某些药品的专家，这样他们就有很大的优势来获取那些工作忙碌并需要快速了解信息的医生的关注。

E But the sales push rarely stops in the The flashy brochures and pamphlets left by the sales reps are often followed up with meals at expensive restaurants, meetings in warm and sunny places, and an inundation of promotional Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isn’t emblazoned with a drug’s name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical company’s Millions of dollars are spent by pharmaceutical companies on promotional products like coffee mugs, shirts, umbrellas, and golf Money well spent? It’s hard to ‘ I’ve been the recipient of golf balls from one company and I use them, but it doesn’t make me prescribe their medicine,’ says one ‘I tend to think I’m not influenced by what they give ’

E 但是这些促销很少仅仅止于办公室。通常紧随被销售代表留在办公室的制作精美的小册子之后的，是昂贵餐厅里的宴会、在温暖而又充满阳光的地方举行的会议，以及洪水般涌来的促销小礼品。病人总能看到医生使用标有药品名称的笔、护士使用印有公司标识的小药片。制药公司在诸如咖啡杯、T恤、雨伞和高尔夫球之类的促销品上花费了数百万美元。这些钱花得有意义吗?这一点很难说。“我一直接受一家公司的高尔夫球，我也使用这些球，但是这并不意味着我会在处方中开这家公司的药品，”一名医生这样说，“我更倾向于认为自己并没有受到他们给我提供的物品的影响。”

F Free samples of new and expensive drugs might be the single most effective way of getting doctors and patients to become loyal to a Salespeople hand out hundreds of dollars’ worth of samples each week — $ billion worth of them in one Though few comprehensive studies have been conducted, one by the University of Washington investigated how drug sample availability affected what physicians A total of 131 doctors self-reported their prescribing patterns — the conclusion was that the availability of samples led them to dispense and prescribe drugs that differed from their preferred drug

F 那些昂贵的新药的免费试用品或许是使医生和病人坚持选择某一药品的最有效的方式。销售人员每周都会分发数百美元的试用品——年分发的试用品价值达到72亿美元。虽然在这方面很少有综合研究，但是华盛顿大学的一项研究调查了药品试用品的可获取性是如何影响医生开处方的。总计131名医生记录了他们自己开处方的方式，其结论是试用品的可获得性使他们作出分发和开出不同于他们首选的药品的选择。

G The bottom line is that pharmaceutical companies as a whole invest more in marketing than they do in research and And patients are the ones who pay — in the form of sky-rocketing prescription prices — for every pen that’s handed out, every free theatre ticket, and every steak dinner In the end the fact remains that pharmaceutical companies have every right to make a profit and will continue to find new ways to increase But as the medical world continues to grapple with what’s acceptable and what’s not, it is dear that companies must continue to be heavily scrutinized for their sales and marketing

G 结果就是，制药公司就整体而言，在市场上的投人远远大于在研发上的投人。最终在飞涨的处方价格中，病人会为分发的每一支笔、每一张免费戏票、每一顿牛排晚餐买单。最终，事实就是制药公司总能从中获利，并不断发现促进销售的新方法。但是随着医学界不断争论什么可接受、什么不可接受的底线问题，有一点是很清楚的，那就是制药公司的销售和市场策略必须继续受到严格的监控。

TEST 4 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：

Do literate women make better mothers?

受过教育的妇女会是更好的母亲吗?

Children in developing countries are healthier and more likely to survive past the age of five when their mothers can read and Experts in public health accepted this idea decades ago, but until now no one has been able to show that a woman’s ability to read in itself improves her children’s chances of

在发展中国家，如果母亲有读写能力，孩子会更健康，更易活过五岁。虽然公共健康方面的专家数十年前就已经接受了这一观点，但是迄今为止，还没有人能够证明妇女自身的阅读能力能增大其子女的存活几率。

Most literate women learnt to read in primary school, and the fact that a woman has had an education may simply indicate her family’s wealth or that it values its children more Now a long-term study carried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by showing that teaching reading to poor adult women, who would otherwise have remained illiterate, has a direct effect on their children’s health and

大部分受过教育的妇女在小学期间学会阅读。女性受到教育这一事实可能仅仅显示出其家庭比较富裕或者家庭更为看重子女。在尼加拉瓜进行的一项长期研究消除了这些因素。在这项研究中，研究人员教会贫困的成年妇女阅读，如果没有这一研究，她们将维持原来不能阅读的状态。这项研究的结果表明妇女阅读能力的提高对其孩子的健康和生存有直接影响。

In 1979, the government of Nicaragua established a number of social programmes, including a National Literacy By 1985, about 300,000 illiterate adults from all over the country, many of whom had never attended primary school, had learnt how to read, write and use

在1979年，尼加拉瓜政府开展了包括全国扫盲运动在内的许多社会活动。到1985年，全国有30万的文盲人口学会了阅读、写字和使用数字，这其中有许多人从来没上过小学。

During this period, researchers from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Central American Institute of Health in Nicaragua, the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua and the Costa Rican Institute of Health interviewed nearly 3,000 women, some of whom had learnt to read as children, some during the literacy crusade and some who had never learnt at The women were asked how many children they had given birth to and how many of them had died in The research teams also examined the surviving children to find out how well-nourished they

在这期间，来自利物浦热带医学学院、尼加拉瓜中美洲卫生研究院、尼加拉瓜国立自治大学和哥斯达黎加卫生研究院的研究人员访问了大约3000位妇女，其中一些在孩童时期学会了阅读，一些在全国扫盲运动时学会阅读，还有一些完全不会阅读。这些妇女被问及生了几个孩子以及孩子在婴儿时期的死亡数量。

研究小组同时也调查了存活的孩子，以了解他们的健康程度。

The investigators’ findings were In the late 1970s, the infant mortality rate for the children of illiterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live At this point in their lives, those mothers who later went on to learn to read had a similar level of child mortality (105/1000). For women educated in primary school, however, the infant mortality rate was significantly lower, at 80 per

研究者的发现令人吃惊。在20世纪70年代末期，文盲母亲的婴儿死亡率约为1000个婴儿中有110个死 亡。那些后来才学习阅读的母亲也有相同的婴儿死亡率(105/1000)。然而对于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性而言，婴儿死亡率相对大幅降低，为80/1000。

In 1985, after the National Literacy Crusade had ended, the infant mortality figures for those who remained illiterate and for those educated in primary school remained more or less For those women who learnt to read through the campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousand, an impressive 21 points lower than for those women who were still The children of the newly-literate mothers were also better nourished than those of women who could not

在1985年，全国扫盲运动结束后，仍旧不识字和小学期间接受教育的母亲的婴儿死亡率几乎没有什么改变。而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性，其婴儿死亡率为84/1000，比仍然不识字的母亲的婴儿死亡率整整低了21点。刚刚学会识字的母亲的孩子也比不能阅读的母亲的孩子更健康一些。

Why are the children of literate mothers better off? According to Peter Sandiford of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, no one knows for Child health was not on the curriculum during the women’s lessons, so he and his colleagues are looking at other They are working with the same group of 3,000 women, to try to find out whether reading mothers make better use of hospitals and clinics, opt for smaller families, exert more control at home, learn modern childcare techniques more quickly, or whether they merely have more respect for themselves and their

为什么有文化的母亲孩子的境况要好一些呢?利物浦热带医学院彼得?桑德福德认为，没有人知道确切的原因。儿童健康并不在母亲学习期间的课程之内，因此，他和他的同事正在寻找其他的原因。他们仍然在同一组3000位妇女中进行研究，希望发现识字的母亲是否能更好地利用医院和诊所，选择小家庭，在家庭中的管理更多一些，能更快地学习现代儿童护理技巧，或者她们只是对自己和孩子有更多的尊重?

The Nicaraguan study may have important implications for governments and aid agencies that need to know where to direct their Sandiford says that there is increasing evidence that female education, at any age, is ‘an important health intervention in its own right’. The results of the study lend support to the World Bank’s recommendation that education budgets in developing countries should be increased, not just to help their economies, but also to improve child

尼加拉瓜的研究也许能给政府和救助中心在如何分配其资源方面提供重要的提示信息。桑德福徳说，目前越来越多的证据表明，女性教育，在任何年龄阶段，都是“对健康非常重要的影响因素”。这项研究的结果支持了世界银行对于发展中国家增加教育预算的建议，这不仅能帮助发展中国家发展经济，同时也能提 高孩子的健康水平。

‘We’ve known for a long time that maternal education is important,’ says John Cleland of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical ‘But we thought that even if we started educating girls today, we’d have to wait a generation for the The Nicaraguan study suggests we may be able to bypass ’

“我们很久以来就知道女性教育是很重要的”，伦敦卫生及热带医学学院的约翰?克里兰说，“但是我们原以为即便从现在开始对女孩进行教育，其成果也需要等一代人之后才能看到。而尼加拉瓜的研究表明我们也许能够避开这种模式。”

Cleland warns that the Nicaraguan crusade was special in many ways, and similar campaigns elsewhere might not work as It is notoriously difficult to teach adults skills that do not have an immediate impact on their everyday lives, and many literacy campaigns in other countries have been much less ‘The crusade was part of a larger effort to bring a better life to the people,’ says Replicating these conditions in other countries will be a major challenge for development

克里兰提醒说，尼加拉瓜运动在很多方而是很特别的，同样的运动在其他地方也许就不如其有效。教授成人对他们的日常生活没有直接影响的技能是极其困难的。在其他国家的很多扫盲运动远远不如尼加拉瓜运动这么成功。克里兰说：
“这一运动是给人们带来更好的生活的更大努力的一部分”。在其他国家创造相同的这些条件对于发展工作者而言是一个很大的挑战。

TEST 4 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：

Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can How can it be prevented?Peter Smith, Professor of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, directed the Sheffield Anti-Bullying Intervention Project, funded by the Department for he reports on his

不断受到欺凌是孩子所面临的最糟糕的经历之一。如何阻止其发生呢?谢菲尔大学心理学家教授彼得?史密斯在教育部的资助下组织了谢菲尔德反欺凌干预项目。以下是他的一些发现。

A Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbal — being taunted or called hurtful names ?— to the physical — being kicked or shoved — as well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from social A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly

A 欺凌有多种方式：从口头上的——比如被嘲笑或者被叫很伤人的外号，到身体上的——比如被打、被踢或推搡。此外，还有一些不太直接的欺凌方式，比如被社会团体排斥在外。在我和Irene Whitney开展的一项调查中，我们发现在英国小学中，有四分之一的小学生有过受欺凌的经历，其中十例中有一例为持续受到欺凌，中学的欺凌现象要好一些，大约二十五例中有一例是持续受到欺凌，但是在这些情况中，受欺凌者可能反抗极其强烈。

B Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social

B 欺凌显然是很不愉快的，而且会使经历过的孩子产生自贬和沮丧情绪在一些极端的情况中，欺凌甚至会导致自杀，但是很庆幸的是此类事件比较罕见。受到欺凌的小学生成年后更容易在人际沟通中遭遇困难，而那些经常实施欺凌的孩子长大后更有可能具有身体暴力倾向并且犯下反社会的罪行。

C Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the ‘There is no bullying at this school’ has been a common refrain, almost certainly Fortunately more schools are now saying: ‘There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear policy for dealing with ’

C 到目前为止，我们对这一问题的了解还远远不够，而且也几乎没有给教师提供处理欺凌问题的帮助。可能由此产生的一个现象就是学校经常会否认这一问题。“在这个学校没有欺凌的现象”已经被重复了无数次。但是绝大多数情况下这都不是事实。庆幸的是现在有越来越多的学校承认：“我们学校欺凌现象并不多，但是当其发生时，我们有很明确的处理方法”。

D Three factors are involved in this First is an awareness of the severity of the Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in For example, the Scottish Council for Research in Education produced a package of materials, Action Against Bullying, circulated to all schools in England and Wales as well as in Scotland in summer 1992, with a second pack, Supporting Schools Against Bullying, produced the following In Ireland, Guidelines on Countering Bullying Behaviour in Post-Primary Schools was published in Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve This comes from carefully conducted ‘before and after’ evaluations of interventions in schools, monitored by a research In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was The Sheffield investigation, which involved sixteen primary schools and seven secondary schools, found that most schools succeeded in reducing

D 导致这一变化有三个原因。第一是对欺凌问题严重性的认识;第二，在英国有一些帮助处理欺凌问题的资源。比如，苏格兰教育研究局发行了一系列的材料：《反欺凌行动》在1992年夏被提供给英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰地区的所有学校。第二年又发行了《支持学校反对欺凌》。在爱尔兰地区，《在小学反抗遭遇欺凌行为指南》于1993年发行。第三，有证据表明，这些材料发挥了作用，学校也因此在反欺凌方面取得了一些成绩。这一结果来自于一项研究组监控的并认真开展的主题为“之前和之后”的对学校干预的评估。在挪威，经过一次全国范围的干预运动之后，对42所学校的一项评估显示，在两年多的时间内欺凌行为减少了一半。在谢菲尔德大学对16所小学和7所中学的一项调查中发现，大多数学校在减少欺凌行为方面取得了成功。

E Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what records will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be The policy should be developed through consultation, over a period of time — not just imposed from the head teacher’s office! Pupils, parents and staff should feel they have been involved in the policy, which needs to be disseminated and implemented

E 证据表明，控制欺凌行为最核心的步骤是制定针对欺凌行为的政策，明确欺凌行为意味着什么，并就其发生时应该采取哪些措施、保存哪些记录、通知何人、实施何种制裁方式等给出明确的指导。这一政策应该经过一段时间的磋商形成，而不是只在校长办公室里硬性实施的方案。应该使学生、家长和教职员工都感觉参与到政策的制定当中，而且这一政策需要广泛的传播和有效的执行。

Other actions can be taken to back up the There are ways of dealing with the topic

through the curriculum, using video, drama and These are useful for raising awareness, and can best be tied in to early phases of development, while the school is starting to discuss the issue of They are also useful in renewing the policy for new pupils, or revising it in the light of But curriculum work alone may only have short-term effects; it should be an addition to policy work, not a

可以采取其他措施来支持这个政策。可以通过使用影像、戏剧和文学等多种方法在课程中处理这一主题。这些方法对提高人们的意识是很有帮助的，而且最好将其放在学校讨论欺凌行为形成政策的早期阶段。此外，这为新入校的小学生更新政策或根据实际情况进行修订也很有用。但是仅靠课程只会有短期效果，它应该是对政策的补充，而非替代品。

There are also ways of working with individual pupils, or in small Assertiveness

training for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile, and certain approaches to

group bullying such as ‘no blame’, can be useful in changing the behaviour of bullying

pupils without confronting them directly, although other sanctions may be needed for those

who continue with persistent

还有一些方法适合用于单个小学生或小团体。对于那些容易成为被欺凌对象的学生而言，进行自信训练是很值得做的;在发生群体欺凌行为时，某些特定的方法，比如“不责备”是与实施欺凌行为的学生不直接对抗而改变他们行为的有效方法。然而，对于那些长期持续实施欺凌行为的学生，我们必须对其进行制裁。

Work in the playground is important, One helpful step is to train lunchtime supervisors

to distinguish bullying from playful fighting, and help them break up Another

possibility is to improve the playground environment, so that pupils are less likely to be led

into bullying from boredom or

在操场上开展工作也是很重要的。一个有效的步骤就是培训午餐时段督导员以区分嬉戏式争斗和欺凌行为，并帮助他们中止冲突。另一个可能的措施就是改善操场环境，从而使学生不太可能因为厌倦或感到挫折而实施欺凌行为。

F With these developments, schools can expect that at least the most serious kinds of bullying can largely be The more effort put in and the wider the whole school involvement, the more substantial the results are likely to The reduction in bullying — and the consequent improvement in pupil happiness — is surely a worthwhile

F 随着环境和方式方法的改进，我们可以预见至少可以最大程度地防止学校里最严重的欺凌行为的发生。我们付出的努力越多，学校参与的力度越大，取得的效果就可能越好。欺凌行为的减少和因此产生的学生幸福感的递增无疑是一个值得为之努力的目标。

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第17篇

Questions 1-7

Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs,

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer

NB You may use any letter more than

1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports

2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations

3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity

4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced

5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated

6 an overview of the funded support of athletes

7 how performance requirements are calculated before an event

Questions 8-11

Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states they

A are currently exclusively used by Australians

B will be used in the future by Australians

C are currently used by both Australians and their rivals

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer

8 cameras

9 sensors

10 protein tests

11 altitude tents

Questions 12 and 13

Answer the questions

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer

12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event?

13 By how much did some cyclists’ performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第18篇

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are based on Reading Passage 1

Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes — about the duration of a normal classroom In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests — what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them — independent of any formal It is also possible that some of these ideas will be

Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular Sometimes this information may be It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their

Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their

The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. Some children described them as damp, wet or The second question concerned the geographical location of The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the

Responses to question three concerned the importance of The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal

Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal

The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging

One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on

In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not

The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of

Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第19篇

Passage 1

Question 1

答案：
FALSE

关键词：
genetic causes, skin

定位原文: 第1段第2、3句“Because identical twins come from…”同卵双胞胎享有同样的基因密码，两人出现不同只可能是环境因素造成的差异。

解题思路: 本题出题位置符合顺序原则，作为文后第一个题型中的第一道题，考生可以轻松在正文第一段中定位到一模一样的skin一词。从理解上来看本题也并不困难：原文明确说到同卵双胞胎来自同一颗受精卵，基因完全相同，一切不同都是后天环境因素造成的。这与题干信息“同卵双胞胎的皮肤看起来有多年轻，其背后有可能存在着基因方面的原因”相悖，因此答案为FALSE。

Question 2

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：
greater risk, developing certain illnesses, non-twins

定位原文：
第2段第2句“If identical twins are…”

解题思路：
题干中的illness 一词回到原文中有两个对应的同义替换词，分别为ailment 和disease。即使对前者不甚熟悉但必定应当认识后者，所以定位并不算难。仔细阅读文章内容可知，本句只是提及同卵双胞胎与异卵双胞胎在对某种疾病产生反应的方面有何异同，比较的对象只涉及“双胞胎”这个范围，并未将之与“非双胞胎”比较，没有明确提及题干的信息“双胞胎比非双胞胎更有风险得上某些疾病”，通读后文后，也没有其他的答题定位区域，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 3

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：
Bouchard, advertised, newspapers

定位原文：
第4段第2句“Over two decades 137 sets of …”

解题思路：
本题可以凭借Bouchard这个专有名词而轻松在文中定位，但仔细阅读文章内容就会发现，确实有许多双胞胎参与了此人所进行的研究，但并没有明确提及那些双胞胎们是通过什么途径来到Bouchard实验室的，没有“报纸”和“广告”这些信息，因此答案是NOT GIVEN。

Question 4

答案：
TRUE

关键词：
epigenetic processes

对应原文：
第6段最后一句“According to a recent field called …”

解题思路：
Epigenetic这个词作为学科名称，一模一样地出现在文中第6段，可以被轻松定位。阅读定位句则可以知道，这一作用过程确实既不同于环境因素，也不同于基因因素，与题干表述相一致，因此答案为TRUE。

Question 5

答案：
A

关键词：
invented a term, two factors

定位原文：
第4段第1句“The idea of using twins…”

解题思路：
题目：invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics; 译文：发明了一个术语用来区分影响个人特质的两种因素。本题基本上就是考査考生对coin这个单词作为动词表示“创造”;这个单词作为名词还可表示“术语——这个词汇知识点，而coin a term这样的用法在此前的剑桥真题里已经出现过，此题答案为A。

Question 6

答案: C

关键词: study of epigenetics, increase, knowledge

定位原文: 第12段最后1句“Having said that, Reed … ”

解题思路：
题目：expressed the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our knowledge;译文：表达了这样一个观点：对于表观遗传学的研究将会增加我们的知识。本题的定位稍有麻烦，因为Reed这个人名在文章的后三段中都有所提及，对比这几段文章中的相关内容，待读到最后一段时理解原文应该不难，increase our knowledge 与 take our understanding further 是简单的同义表述关系，本题答案为C。

Question 7

答案：
B

关键词：
mathematical method

定位原文：
第5段第1、2句“Bouchard and his colleagues …”

解题思路：
题目：developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences;译文：开创了一种数学方法来衡量基因的影响。本题出题点距离人名定位处并不远，statistical concept 与 mathematical method 为同义替换关系，此题答案为B。

Question 8

答案: A

关键词: pioneered

定位原文: 第4段第1句“The idea of using twins to measure…”

解题思路: 题目：pioneered research into genetics using twins; 译文：开创了通过双胞胎来研究基因学的做法。本题与第五题的定位完全相同，都是原文中的同一句，且从考查单词的难度上来看，比第5题更容易理解。无论date back (追溯到)这个词组还是first这个单词都不会造成理解困难，正是Francis Galton开创了研究双胞胎的先河，本题答案为A。

Question 9

答案: B

关键词: lived apart

定位原文: 第4段第2、3句“But twin studies took a surprising twist in…”

解题思路：
题目：carried out research into twins who had lived apart; 译文：对那些各自生活在不同地方的双胞胎进行了研究。无论是原文中第二句里的separated at birth and reunited as adults 还是第三句里的 Reared apart, 都明确对应题干中的lived apart这个信息，只需明确这个研究对象到底是Francis Galton还是Thomas Bouchard所研究的即可。经过仔细阅读可知为后者，因此本题答案为B。

Question 10

答案: D

关键词：
epigenetic processes

定位原文：
第7段第1、2句“Epigenetic processes…”

解题思路: 题干说“在表观遗传过程中，_____会影响我们的基因活动行为”。用epigenetic processes可以轻松在原文中定位到出题位置，但需要耐心读完相邻的两句，才可根据后句里的these reactions这个指代更加确定答案应为前一句中的chemical reactions, 根据意思选择最接近的选项，由此可得答案为D。

Question 11

答案: B

关键词: create, internal

定位原文: 第7段第2句“These reactions …”

解题思路: 题干说“在表观遗传过程中，化学反应会影响我们的基因活动行为，例如在创造我们内部_____的时候”。本题的出题位置与上一题来自同一句话，看出原文中的 parts of our bodies 正是对应 internal organs 这一表述，因此答案为B选项：organs。

Question 12

答案：
E

关键词：
uncover, genes, affected

定位原文：
第9段第1句“One way the study of …”

解题思路：
题干说“表观遗传学的研究正在探索我们的基因会以怎样的方式受到我们的_____的影响”。考生应该不难找到原文中impact与题干中be affected by的同义替换，对比可知答案为E选项：environment。

Question 13

答案：
behaviour/behavior

关键词：
pregnant rat, stress, problems

定位原文：
第9段第2句“Studies of animals, for example, have shown…”

解题思路：
题干说“有一个例证：如果一只怀孕的老鼠经历过紧张压力体验，新生的幼鼠日后就有可能展现出_______方面的问题”。“怀孕的老鼠”这个信息在文中容易定位，考生只需认真阅读定位句即可得出答案为F选项。

Test 4 Passage 2

Question 14

答案: B

关键词: first paragraph

定位原文: 第1段整体内容

解题思路: 本题考査考生是否能够读懂作者在第一段里表达的主要看法，很难使用此段中的某一句话来确定答案，需要考生读懂本段大意并对比四个选项内容，从而做出恰当选择。

A项说“导演应该在拍摄的早期阶段就计划好电影原声”，而原文中只是提及“规划音效也应该是导演的职责所在”,并未提及是否该早早动手规划;C项说“音乐产业可以对电影中的声音产生有益影响”，这个信息完全不曾被提及;D项说“负责电影中声音的工作人员应该对音效担负起完全的责任来，这很重要”，更是故意曲解了文中的“统筹音效和关注画面质量同样都是导演的应有之责”，混淆视听。对比可得正确答案为B项。

Question 15

答案: A

关键词: Humphrey Bogart

定位原文: 第2段的第3、4句“Often with film characterization the audience perceives little…”

解题思路: 题目问作者提到Humphrey Bogart的一个原因是为了证明什么。人名可以帮助考生轻松定位。只看包含Humphrey Bogart的一句，缺失了此段的上下文，也不易得出答案。B项说“观众希望演员在视觉上适合他们所扮演的角色”，也就是说希望演员的外貌特征符合角色描述，但本段反复提及的着眼点在于“性格特征”而非外貌;C项属于完全未被提及的信息;D项说“观众更倾向于对话要尽可能显得真实”，虽然本段确实意在解释“对话”在电影中所扮演的角色，但是并有明确说到它必须像真的，所以也不对。

Question 16

答案：
B

关键词：
third paragraph

定位原文：
第3段内容

解题思路: A项说“如果电影对话不能反映观众自身经历，他们就有可能会持批评性态度”，未被提及的;C项说“电影制作者在如何处话的技巧上彼此有着极大的差別”，这个选项与原文中how dialogue is used and the very amount of dialogue used vanes widely among films有一定相似之处，可能会给部分考生造成一定干扰。但仔细分辨之下不难看出，原文只说了“不同电影中对话的用法和用量有很大差別”，并未明确说是电影制作者使用技巧的差別，是干扰选项;D项说“最成功的电影是那些有着高质量对话的电影”，也是无中生有的信息。

Question 17

答案：
D

关键词：
Bringing Up Baby

定位原文：
第4段内容

解题思路：
问的是关于Bringing Up Baby 这部电影说了什么，根据本段内容，作者说这部电影故意使用了又快又滑稽的对话形式来突出影片的荒诞风格。因此正确答案为选项D“对话的性质强化了影片中的关键元素。”A项说“由于电影制作人想要关注幽默对话而使情节受到了损害”;B项说“对话帮助这部电影成为了有史以来最好的喜剧电影之一”;C项说“对话的速度与动作的速度之间不匹配”。这三项内容在本段中都不曾被提及。

Question 18

答案: C

关键词：
‘click’ of a door

定位原文：
第5段第4句“For example, the "click" of a door being opened…”

解题思路: 题目问：作者提到了推门的“咔嗒”声来说明，模拟真实情况的声音_____。A项说“经常被用来让观众对影片中的事件产生错误印象”;B项说“可能会被观众中的不同成员按照不同的方式进行理解”;D项说“往往在那些展示现实场景的电影中显得更为重要”。这三项内容在本段不曾被提及。而C中“也有可能加以改变用来控制观众对电影的反应”是定位处的同义表达。

Question 19

答案: TRUE

关键词：
surprised, lacks, background music

定位原文：
第7段的第1句“We are probably all familiar with…”

解题思路：
定位处的so… as to 表示 “如此…以至于”，背景音乐无处不在，以至于观众必须注意到它的存在，和题目的“如果一部电影缺了背景音乐，观众有可能会感到奇怪。”是同义表达。

Question 20

答案：
TRUE

关键词：
background music, anticipate, development

定位原文：第7段倒数第2句“In addition, background music…”

解题思路：
定位处说背景音乐通常预示着氛围变化，foreshadow 与may anticipate 是同义表达，题目中说“背景音乐有可能预示出一部电影中的情节发展”与定位原文是同义表达，因此答案为TRUE。

Question 21

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：
background music, more effect than

定位原文：第7段第3、4、5句“Usually not meant to be noticeable …”

解题思路：
文中与题目有关的定位区域在第7段，文中说到，通常可能不是故意让人注意的，只是说背景音乐通常奠定了故事的基调，或者人物的感情态度，再者，预示氛围变化。而题目中却说背景音乐对一些人产生的效果比对另一些人所产生的效果更大。这样的信息在文中完全没有提及。所以答案只能是NG。

Question 22

答案：
True

关键词：
background music, make certain connections

定位原文：
第8段内容

解题思路: 题目说背景音乐可以帮助观众在影片中(不同场景之间)找到某些关联，在阅读第8段第1句后，即可大致判断这个表述是True，如果觉得不够确信，再往后阅读，可以确定答案。

Question 23

答案：
FALSE

关键词：
aware, background music, affecting

定位原文：
第9段第4句“The effects of sound are often largely…”

解题思路：
定位处已经明确说明声音的效果通常来说是非常微妙的，只是潜意识才能注意到。而题目说的是“观众往往会注意到背景音乐如何对他们产生影响。” 题目中用background music，原文中用了sound这个简单词，正文中所使用的effects一词与题干中affect的同义替换，对比内容，可知答案为FALSE。

Question 24

答案: C

关键词: audience"s response, can be controlled

定位原文: 第1段第3、4句“The entire sound track consists of…”

解题思路：
题目问的是观众对于影片中不同部分的反应可以在何种情况下被控制。难点在与理解原文的create desired effects，即是指“创造出(电影制作者)所想要达到的效果”，也就是希望去掌控或操控观众观影之后会产生什么样的反应。题目中的“must be mixed and balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases”就是C选项的“如果人的声音、其他声响和音乐进行了恰当混合的话”。

Question 25

答案：
A

关键词：
feelings and motivations

定位原文：
第2段第2句“As is the case with stage drama…”

解题思路：
原文中“dialogue serves to tell the story and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well”，可见是dialogue完成两个目标，一是讲述故事，二是表达人物感情和动机，很容易选到A:当观众听着对话的时候。

Question 26

答案：
E

关键词：
character, real person, actor

定位原文：
第3段第1句“When voice textures fit the performer"s physiognomy…”

解题思路：
定位原文处说到音质符合人物的外表，姿势，一个非常真实的人物形象就出来了。题目问的是“一个角色看似更像一个真实的人而非一位演员”，所以选项E“当演员的外貌、声音和动作彼此协调一致时”是正确选项。

Test 4 Passage 3

Question 27

答案：
vi

关键词：
most important invention

定位原文：A段内容

解题思路：实际上，本段第一句话就点明此段主要谈及“语言在人类的所有发明中占据最重要的地位”，take pride of place意为“有最重要的地位”;接下来的每一句话都是在以不同的方式反复阐述原因所在和表现形式。第二句话说“其他发明改变的是人类的物质生活，而语言则是使人真正称其为人的原因”;第三句话说“一切发明跟语言比起来都会相形失色”;第四句话还说“要是没有语言，人类不可能发展到今天这样的状态”。无论正确理解其中哪句话的大意都不难看出正确选项为vi。

Question 28：

答案：iv

关键词：incompatible characteristics

定位原文：B段内容

解题思路：本段的解题难度比较高，原因是本段整段都是典型的承上启下，答案的定位主要集中在后三句话所表达的意思里。前三句话先是继续对语言的重要地位进行了进一步描述和赞美。从倒数第三句开始话锋一转，指出虽然语言如此伟大，但还是存在着不一致、相矛盾之处，conceal，隐藏;incongruity，不一致;倒数第二句提出：“语言是最伟大的发明，然而它却并不是被发明出来的”，进一步点出这其中存在逻辑上的矛盾;最后一句再次以paradox 一词来确证。后三句共同表达了类似的意思，即语言虽然伟大但却存在矛盾、悖论之处，正确答案为iv。

Question 29：

答案：ii

关键词：a few sounds, huge range of meaning

定位原文：C段内容

解题思路：本段的第一句话其实就是在委婉地夸奖赞美语言的设计精巧。第二句话则是以“设问”形式提出，语言用“three dozen”这么一点儿的发音元素是怎么组合成了“so much”意义表达呢?本句即是在表达“用一点点发音元素弄出许多许多表达”这个意思。之后的两句也是在进一歩展开说明这个论点，本段采用的是“总一分”结构，主旨句在第二句中，正确答案为ii。

Question 30：

答案：vii

关键词：universal ability

定位原文：D段内容

解题思路：本段是个“总-分-总”结构，第一句话即点明“每个人都能让语言这部机器运转起来”，接下来的几句话分别指出：“无论什么人都能使用语言”、“但是正因如此人们才对它过于想当然了”、“也就没有刻意去重视它研究它”，结尾句则做出总结：“语言遮掩了其艺术性”。但每句话都避开了“使用”这个词汇，而是比喻性地反复提及“让机轮运转”、“串联起意义”和“使机器运行”，増加了理解难度。正确答案为vii。

Question 31：

答案：i

关键词：differences, highlight, impressiveness

定位原文：E段内容

解题思路：第一句先指出“往往只有遭遇我们不熟悉的外语时我们才会注意到语言设计结构的精巧”;之后举出一个特长的土耳其词汇来对比与英语表达方式的不同;然后再进一步进行细节解释说明。无论是“difference差异”还是“impressiveness令人惊叹”的含义都没有明确的同义替换词在文中出现，需考生在读懂句子后自行体会，正确答案为i。

Question 32：

答案：v

关键词：silence, meaningful

定位原文：F段内容

解题思路：本段的结构与B段有类似之处：前半段进一步列举例证来说明不同语言之间存在着令人惊叹的差异之处，后半段才开始说到“即使the absence of a sound也可以具有某些意义”。不过文章读到了此处，备选答案只剩下iii和v两项，也可利用排除法来找出相对更加合宜的选项，正确答案为v。

Question 33：

答案：E: material

关键词：wheel, major impact

定位原文：A段第2句“Other inventions…”

解题思路：题干说 “车轮这个发明对生活的______方面有着重大的影响”，要定位wheel一词不难，通过对比原文也可以比较轻松地看出 existence与题干中的life互为同义替换关系，可得答案为选项E: material。

Question 34：

答案：G：fundamental

关键词：no impact

定位原文：A段第3句“Compared to language…”

解题思路：题干说“但是没有任何影响能像语言产生的影响那样_____”，原文中并未直接出现impact这样的单词，也没有的句型结构，而是用 Compared to表达了语言与其他发明的比较关系，需要认真阅读理解原文。好在此空与上一题同处在一个句子之中，依序阅读文章句子可得答案为选项G：fundamental。

Question 35：

答案：
B: complex

关键词：
yet, small number of sounds

定位原文：B段第2句“In its own right…”

解题思路：题干说“语言非常_____，然而却由仅仅非常少量的声音组成”。根据本句中的yet转折关系可知空格中的答案应当与a small number of sounds所表达的“少量、简单”形成对比、转折的关系。找到“少量声音”所对应的twenty-five or thirty sounds，对比可知此处用来形容语言另一属性的词汇为sophistication，对应答案为选项B: complex。

Question 36：

答案：
F: easy

关键词：to use, overlooked

定位原文：D段全段内容

解题思路：题干说“语言看似用起来是_____ ”，考生如果感觉此句给出的信息不够，可以再看下一句题干，得知“语言的复杂精密性常被忽略”这个补充定位信息。此题位置出在D段，如前文List of Headings中关于D段的讲解所言，本段的句子其实并不很难理解，但却用了大量比喻性用法拐弯抹角地表达语义，可以得出答案为选项F: easy。

Question 37：

答案：
NO

关键词：achieved, present position, without language

定位原文：A段第3、4句“Compared to language…”

解题思路：题干说“人类即使没有语言也有可能发展到今天这样的状态”，achieved和without language的题干关键词都是原词重现地出现在文中，容易定位，阅读对应的两句原文可知，作者明确指出如果没有语言人类不可能达到今天这样凌驾其他动物甚至驾驭自然的成就，题干与此相矛盾，答案为NO。

Question 38：

答案：
YES

关键词：Port-Royal grammarians

定位原文：B段第3句“This was how…”

解题思路：题干说“Port-Royal的语法学家们正确地评价了语言的本质”，根据Port- Royal 定位，do justice to是“公平对待、公正评价”的意思，以及原文中celebrated eloquently the magnitude是“以极具表现力的方式赞美了其重要地位”的意思，可得答案为YES。

Question 39：

答案：
NOT GIVEN

关键词：complex idea, sentence, single word

定位原文：E自然段

解题思路：
题干说“一个复杂的概念用一个句子来解释比用一个单词来解释会更清楚”，E段内容中第一句先指出“往往只有遭遇我们不熟悉的外语时我们才会注意到语言设计结构的精巧”;之后举出一个特长的土耳其词汇来对比与英语表达方式的不同，这是跟题干内容可能仅有联系的定位区域，但是这个例子只是为了说明语言的奇妙性，是个特例，而且说的是一个单词表达了一个句子的意思，并不是题目所表达的通用概念，这个观点没有出现过。所以答案是NG。

Question 40：

答案：
YES

关键词：Sumerians, recording of events

定位原文：F段第1句“And if that sounds like…”

解题思路：
题干说“是苏美尔人开始了记录事件的做法”，Sumerians找到文中相应位置，看懂题干中recorcunff of events 与原文 documentation of history 的对应也应该没有太大问题，答案为YES。

剑桥雅思阅读答案解析 第20篇

Passage1

参考译文

Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes — about the duration of a normal classroom In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests — what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them — independent of any formal It is also possible that some of these ideas will be

无论大人还是孩子都经常会遇到这样的报道，那就是热带雨林正在以惊人的速度消失。打个比方，孩子们很容易就能理解这样一个图例，即平均每四十分钟，也就是一节课的时间内，世界上就会有相当于一千个足球场大小的热带雨林遭到破坏。面对媒体频繁且生动的报道，也许不需要任何正规的教育，孩子们就能够形成一系列有关热带雨林的观点：比如说雨林是什么，位置在哪里，为什么如此重要，又是什么在威胁它们等等。当然，这些观点也很有可能是错的。

Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular Sometimes this information may be It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their

许多研究表明孩子们对于在学校里学到的科学知识心存误解。这些误解不是孤立存在的，而是组成了一个尽管多层面却十分有条理的概念体系，这一点使得该体系本身及其所有的组成观点更加难以攻破，有些观点本身甚至就是错误的，但是也正是这样，它们反而更容易被改动。这些错误观点正是由于孩子们从大众煤体上吸收了信息而形成的。有时连这些信息本身都是错误的。学校似乎也没能够给们提供一个再度阐述自己观点的机会，因此宠师及其他学生也不能帮助其检验及纠正这种错误观点。

Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their

尽管媒体对于热带雨林所遭受的破坏做了大量的报道，但是有关孩子相关观点的信息却少之又少。所以，目前这项研究的目的就是要给教师提供这样的信息来帮助他们设计自己的教学策略，以便帮助学生构筑正确的观点，置换他们的错误概念，并在学校中展开环保研究项目。

The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. Some children described them as damp, wet or The second question concerned the geographical location of The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the

该项研究调査了孩子有关热带雨林的科学知识以及态度。研究要求一些中学生填写一份包含了五个简答题的调査表。对于第一个问题，最常见的解答就来自“热带雨林”这一名称所附带的不言自明的含义。有些孩子把雨林描述成一个又潮又湿或闷热的地方。第二个问题是关于雨林的地理位置的，大多数答案都提到了国名或洲名：百分之四十三的孩子写了非洲，百分之三十写了美洲;还有百分之二十五的人认为热带雨林主要分布在巴西。有些孩子给出了如“赤道附近”这样更为宽泛的答案。

Responses to question three concerned the importance of The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal

第三道题目问及了热带雨林的重要性。百分之六十四的学生认为雨林为动物提供了栖身之所。较少的学生回答说雨林是植物的生长地。更少的学生提到了雨林中的土著居民。其中，有百分之七十的女孩子认为雨林是动物的家，而男孩子中只有百分之六十的人执此观点。

Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal

相似的是，有百分之十三的女生认为热带雨林为人类提供了居所，而男生中有此想法的人只占百分之五。这些观点与先前就学生对热带雨林的开发及保护状况所做的研究的结果基本一致，该结果表明女生更容易表现出对小动物的同情，其观点也更容易将内在价值观基于动物而非人类生命上。

The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging

第四个问题问到了热带雨林遭到破坏的原因。值得庆幸的是，过半的学生(百分之五十九)都认为是人类的行为导致了这一破坏，有人甚至用“我们”这样的字眼将问题与自身联系起来。大概有百分之十八的学生将这一破坏归咎于滥砍滥伐。

One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on

百分之十的学生错误地认为是酸雨导致了雨林的破坏，还有百分之十的学生觉得污染才是罪魁祸首。看来学生们是将热带雨林所受的破坏与上述因素对西欧森林的毁坏混为一谈了。百分之四十的学生认为热带雨林为人们提供了氧气，在某种程度上，这样的答案也包含着一个误解，那就是认为热带雨林的消失会减少大气中氧气的含量，最终导致地球上的大气不再适合人类呼吸。

In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not

在被问及雨林保护的重要性时，大部分学生只是认为人类离开雨林就无法生存。只有寥寥百分之六的人提到热带雨林的消失会导致全球变暖。鉴于媒体对这个问题长篇累牍的报道，这样的结果真是有点出人意料。还有些学生认为保不保护雨林根本无关紧要。

The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of

研究结果表明，在学生们对雨林的观点中，某些观点明显占上风。在有些问题上，比如说热带雨林是植物、动物及人类的栖息地以及天气变化与雨林破坏之间的关系等，学生们的回答又表明了他们在一些基本科学知识上的误区。

Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future

学生们给出的答案并不能够表明他们了解热带雨林所遭受破坏的原因的复杂性。换言之，没有任何迹象表明他们了解热带雨林对人类来讲到底如何重要以及那些破坏行为背后所潜藏的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。然而，值得欣慰的是，其他类似环保研究的结果表明，大孩子们已经具备了鉴赏、理解以及评价矛盾观点的能力。而环保教育正是为这些能力的养成提供舞台，这一点对于孩子们成为未来的政策制定者是至关重要的。

Passage2

参考译文

What Do Whales Feel?

An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises

鲸鱼的感官

鲸目动物(包括鲸、海豚、鼠海豚等晡乳动物)的感官功能测试

Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are

对我们人类以及其他的陆地哺乳动物来说，有些感官是与生俱来的，然而对于鲸鱼来讲，这些功能要么已经衰退或彻底消失，要么就无法在水中正常发挥作用。比如说从齿鲸的大脑结构来看，它们是嗅不到气味的;而须鲸虽然有与嗅觉相关的脑部结构，可是我们却无法判断这些结构是否起作用。据推测，由于鲸鱼的气孔进化并最终移到了头部的正中，所以掌管嗅觉的神经纤维几乎全部不见了。同样，尽管有些鲸鱼也有味蕾，但这些味觉器官要么已经退化，要么就根本没有发育。

The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free-ranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched

有人认为鲸鱼的触觉也不发达，不过这个观点很可能是错误的。训练人工饲养海豚和小鲸鱼的人常常会评论他们的小动物对于触碰和抚摩的敏感度。而无论是人工饲养还是放养，几乎所有种类的鲸鱼个体之间都会进行频繁的接触，特别是在成年鲸鱼和幼鲸之间或同一亚群的成员之间。这种接触有助于维护同一种群内部的秩序，而且对大多数鲸鱼而言，抚摸和触碰也是求偶仪式的一部分。气孔周围的部分尤其敏感，一旦被触碰，人工饲养的鲸鱼就会有激烈的反应。

The sense of vision is developed to different degree in different Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater — specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whale and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii — have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic

不同种类的鲸鱼，视觉发达程度也各不相同。通过研究一只被人工饲养了一年的小灰鲸，以及通过对阿根廷和夏威夷沿海所放养的露脊鲸和座头鲸的研究及拍摄，人们发现在封闭水域中的须鲸显然可以利用视觉来追踪水下的物体，而且它们无论在水中或空气中视力都相当好。但是眼睛的位置如此严重地限制了须鲸的视野，以致于它们可能不具备立体视觉。

On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the

从另一方面来看，大多数海豚和江豚眼睛的位置表明它们是拥有向前及向下的立体视觉的。淡水海豚经常侧游，或是在吃东西的时候肚皮朝上游泳，这就表明眼睛的位置使它们拥有向前及向上的立体视觉。相反的是，宽吻海豚在水中视力就很敏锐，而从它观察及追踪空中飞鱼的方式来看，它在水天交界面的视力也相当好。尽管之前的实验证据表明，海豚在露天环境中可能是睁眼瞎，然而，它们能够从水中跃起很髙，并且能够准确地吃到训练员手中的小鱼，这就有趣地证明了上述观点是错误的。

Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded The South American boutu and Chinese Beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of

当然，这些变异可以通过这些品种所生长的环境来解释。比如说，对于宽广清澈水域中的鲸鱼来说，视觉显然就有用的多;而对于那些住在混浊的河流或水淹的平原上的品种来说，视力显然就没什么大用。比如，南美洲亚马逊河中的江豚以及中国的白鳍啄视力都相当有限，而印度河中的江豚根本看不见东西，它们的眼睛已经退化成了两条窄缝，除了感知一下方向和光的强度几乎没什么作用。

Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid

尽管鲸鱼们的味觉和嗅觉严重衰退，在水中的视觉又不那么确定，然而这些缺陷完全可以被它们那高度发迖的听觉系统所弥补。尽管鲸鱼们音域不同，但是大多数鲸鱼都很会“唱歌”，而且还能用回声定位法来觅食。大个子须鲸只能用低频发声，除此之外就黔“鲸”计穷了。当然也有些著名的例外：比如夏天里北极露脊鲸歌曲般的合唱，还有座头鲸那复杂的、令人难以忘怀的低语。与须鲸相比，齿鲸们可以更多地利用频谱，发出多种声音，当然，抹香鲸只会发出一系列单调激烈的喀哒声。有些复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，然而想要搞清楚它们在鲸鱼的社会生活及文化中到底起何作用，与其说是严谨科学研究的对象，不如说是丰富想像力的结果。

Passage3

参考译文

Visual Symbols and the Blind

盲人与视觉符号

Part 1

From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in But pictures are more than literal This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle ( 1). I was taken Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figures until about

第一部分

最近的几次研究表明，盲人可以理解用轮廓线和透视法来描述物体排列及空间平面的方法。但是，图画不只是表面意思的体现。在研究中，一名盲人女性自发地画出了一个转动的车轮，这就引起了我对上述事实的极大关注。为了展示这样一个动作，她在圆圈中画了一条曲线(见图1)。我大吃一惊。像她所使用的这种运动线是插图史上最近的发明。实际上，正如艺术学者David Kunzle指出的那样，Wilhelm Busch，一名引领潮流的19世纪卡通画家，直到1877年才开始在其最流行的人物身上使用运动线。

When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s spokes as curved When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines — or any other kind of line, for that matter? The answer was not So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of

当我要其他接受研究的盲人对象画出转动中的车轮时，一种特别聪明的画法反复出现了：几个人把车条画成了曲线。当被问到为什么要用曲线的时候，他们都说这是喑示运动的一种带有隐喻意味的方法。多数原则会认为从某种角度来讲，这个图案充分地表示了运动。但是就此而言，曲线是不是比，比如说虛线，波浪线或者其他任何一种线条，更能说明问题呢?答案是不确定的。所以我决定测试一下，不同的运动线是否就是表现运动的恰当方式，而或它们只是一些特殊的符号而已。进一步而言，我还想找出盲人和普通人在诠释运动线时的不同之处。

To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of

为了找出答案，我用凸起线条做出了五幅有关轮子的画，车条被画成大曲线，小曲线，波浪线，虚线以及超出车轮的直线。然后，我让18名盲人志愿者抚摩这些轮子，并且将它们分别与下列运动中的一个搭配：不稳定地转动，飞速转动，稳定地转动，颠簸和刹车。参照组则是由来自于多伦多大学的18名普通大学生组成的。

All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought, suggested that the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning

除了一个人，其他所有的盲人都将具体的动作与车轮搭配了起来。大多数人猜测被画成大曲线的车条表示车轮正在稳定地转动;而他们认为波浪线车条表示车轮在不稳定地转动，小曲线则被认为是车轮正在颠簸的象征。受试者推测，超出车轮边缘的车条代表车轮正处在刹车状态，而虚线车条则说明车轮正在飞快地旋转。

In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was the favoured description for the blind in every What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted

另外，在毎种情况下，普通人喜爱的表达与盲人喜爱的基本一致。更有甚者，盲人之间的共识几乎与普通人的一样高。因为盲人不熟悉运动装置，因此这个任务对他们而言相当困难。然而，很明显，盲人不仅能够搞清楚每种运动线所代表的意义，而且作为一个团队，他们达成共识的频率也不比普通人低。

Part 2

We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart — choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from China, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their

第二部分

我们还发现盲人同样可以理解其他的视觉隐喻。有个盲人女性在心形中画了个小孩儿——她说选择心形是为了表示这个孩子周围充满了爱。于是，我和刘长虹，一名来自中国的博士生，开始探索盲人对如心形这样含义不直白的图形的象征意义，到底理解到了何种程度。

We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to a For example, we asked: What goes with soft? A circle or a square? Which shape goes with hard?

我们给普通受试者一张有二十对词的单子，并且要求他们从每一对词当中挑一个最能代表圆形的词以及一个最能代表方形的词。举个例子，我们会问：“哪个形状和柔软有关?圆形还是方形?哪个形状表示坚硬?”

All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to (See ) When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning ‘far’ to square and ‘near’ to In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects — 53% — had paired far and near to the opposite Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people

所有的受试者都认为圆形代表柔软，方形代表坚硬。高达94%的人将快乐归给了圆形，而没有选悲伤。但是在其他词组上，不同意见就出现了：79%的人分别认为圆是快的而方是慢的，圆是弱的而方是强的。只有51%的人将深与圆形相连，将浅与方形相连(见图2)。当我们用同样的单子去测试四个完全失明的人时，他们的选择几乎与普通受试者的一模一样。有个先天失明的人做得极好。他的选择只有一个与众不同，那就是把“远”与方形联系起来而把“近”同圆形联系起来。实际上，也只有刚刚过半53%的普通受试者认为圆形代表远，而方形代表近。因此，我们可以得出结论，盲人同普通人一样能够理解抽象的图形。

推荐访问:剑桥 雅思 汇编 剑桥雅思阅读答案解析汇编20篇 剑桥雅思阅读答案解析(汇编20篇) 剑桥雅思阅读真题答案